Notes
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In fact DSS1 is defined in ITU-T Recommendation Q.931.
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The term carriers might have a different meaning – service providers, ITSP, cable operators, clearing houses. etc.
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The authors claim that text-based protocols, by being easier to read and debug, improve application interoperability as opposed to binary protocols that require a specific decoder.
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The IETF SIGTRAN working group is standardizing this protocol.
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The current PSTN signaling network combines channel associated signaling (CAS) or digital subscriber signaling number 1 (DSS1) and SS7 signaling to establish a phone to phone call. The connection time in most of the advanced networks is below 1 s (this is a very large figure; in fully digitized networks this figure is around 200 ms).