From Monolithic to Modular Java: A Retrospective and Ongoing Evolution

Aug 5, 2024

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JVM Performance Engineering: Inside OpenJDK and the HotSpot Java Virtual Machine

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Introduction

In the preceding chapters, we journeyed through the significant advancements in the Java language and its execution environment, witnessing the remarkable growth and transformation of these foundational elements. However, a critical aspect of Java’s evolution, which has far-reaching implications for the entire ecosystem, is the transformation of the Java Development Kit (JDK) itself. As Java matured, it introduced a plethora of features and language-level enhancements, each contributing to the increased complexity and sophistication of the JDK. For instance, the introduction of the enumeration type in J2SE 5.0 necessitated the addition of the java.lang.Enum base class, the java.lang.Class.getEnumConstants() method, EnumSet, and EnumMap to the java.util package, along with updates to the Serialized Form. Each new feature or syntax addition required meticulous integration and robust support to ensure seamless functionality.

With every expansion of Java, the JDK began to exhibit signs of unwieldiness. Its monolithic structure presented challenges such as an increased memory footprint, slower start-up times, and difficulties in maintenance and updates. The release of JDK 9 marked a significant turning point in Java’s history, as it introduced the Java Platform Module System (JPMS) and transitioned Java from a monolithic structure to a more manageable, modular one. This evolution continued with JDK 11 and JDK 17, with each bringing further enhancements and refinements to the modular Java ecosystem.

This chapter delves into the specifics of this transformation. We will explore the inherent challenges of the monolithic JDK and detail the journey toward modularization. Our discussion will extend to the benefits of modularization for developers, particularly focusing on those who have adopted JDK 11 or JDK 17. Furthermore, we’ll consider the impact of these changes on JVM performance engineering, offering insights to help developers optimize their applications and leverage the latest JDK innovations. Through this exploration, the goal is to demonstrate how Java applications can significantly benefit from modularization.

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