- Why Transactions?
- Terminology
- Application Structure
- Opening the Environment
- Opening the Databases
- Recoverability and Deadlock Avoidance
- Atomicity
- Repeatable Reads
- Transactional Cursors
- Nested Transactions
- Environment Infrastructure
- Deadlock Detection
- Performing Checkpoints
- Database and Log File Archival Procedures
- Log File Removal
- Recovery Procedures
- Recovery and Filesystem Operations
- Berkeley DB Recoverability
- Transaction Throughput
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Application Structure
When building transactionally protected applications, there are some special issues that must be considered. The most important one is that if any thread of control exits for any reason while holding Berkeley DB resources, recovery must be performed to do the following:
Recover the Berkeley DB resources.
Release any locks or mutexes that may have been held to avoid starvation as the remaining threads of control convoy behind the failed thread's locks.
Clean up any partially completed operations that may have left a database in an inconsistent or corrupted state.
Complicating this problem is the fact that the Berkeley DB library itself cannot determine whether recovery is required; the application itself must make that decision. A further complication is that recovery must be single-threaded; that is, one thread of control or process must perform recovery before any other thread of control or processes attempts to create or join the Berkeley DB environment.
There are two approaches to handling this problem. The first is the hard way. An application can track its own state carefully enough that it knows when recovery needs to be performed. Specifically, the rule to use is that recovery must be performed before using a Berkeley DB environment any time the threads of control previously using the Berkeley DB environment did not shut the environment down cleanly before exiting the environment for any reason (including application or system failure).
Requirements for shutting down the environment cleanly differ, depending on the type of environment created. If the environment is public and persistent (that is, the DB_PRIVATE flag was not specified to the DBENV[Right Arrow]open function), recovery must be performed if any transaction was not committed or aborted, or DBENV[Right Arrow]close function was not called for any open DB_ENV handle.
If the environment is private and temporary (that is, the DB_PRIVATE flag was specified to the DBENV[Right Arrow]open function), recovery must be performed if any transaction was not committed or aborted, or DBENV[Right Arrow]close function was not called for any open DB_ENV handle. In addition, at least one transaction checkpoint must be performed after all existing transactions have been committed or aborted.
The second method is the easy way. It greatly simplifies matters that recovery may be performed regardless of whether recovery strictly needs to be performed; that is, it is not an error to run recovery on a database in which no recovery is necessary. Because of this fact, it is almost invariably simpler to ignore the previous rules about shutting an application down cleanly, and simply run recovery each time a thread of control accessing a database environment fails for any reason, as well as before accessing any database environment after system reboot.
There are two common ways to build transactionally protected Berkeley DB applications. The most common way is as a single, usually multithreaded, process. This architecture is simplest because it requires no monitoring of other threads of control. When the application starts, it opens and potentially creates the environment, runs recovery (whether it was needed or not), and then opens its databases. From then on, the application can create new threads of control as it chooses. All threads of control share the open Berkeley DB DB_ENV and DB handles. In this model, databases are rarely opened or closed when more than a single thread of control is running; that is, they are opened when only a single thread is running, and closed after all threads but one have exited. The last thread of control to exit closes the databases and the environment.
An alternative way to build Berkeley DB applications is as a set of cooperating processes, which may or may not be multithreaded. This architecture is more complicated.
First, this architecture requires that the order in which threads of control are created and subsequently access the Berkeley DB environment be controlled because recovery must be single-threaded. The first thread of control to access the environment must run recovery, and no other thread should attempt to access the environment until recovery is complete. (Note that this ordering requirement does not apply to environment creation without recovery. If multiple threads attempt to create a Berkeley DB environment, only one will perform the creation and the others will join the already existing environment.)
Second, this architecture requires that threads of control be monitored. If any thread of control that owns Berkeley DB resources exits without first cleanly discarding those resources, recovery is usually necessary. Before running recovery, all threads using the Berkeley DB environment must relinquish all of their Berkeley DB resources (it does not matter if they do so gracefully or because they are forced to exit). Then, recovery can be run and the threads of control continued or restarted.
We have found that the safest way to structure groups of cooperating processes is to first create a single process (often a shell script) that opens/creates the Berkeley DB environment and runs recovery, and that then creates the processes or threads that will actually perform work. The initial thread has no further responsibilities other than to monitor the threads of control it has created, to ensure that none of them unexpectedly exits. If one exits, the initial process then forces all of the threads of control using the Berkeley DB environment to exit, runs recovery, and restarts the working threads of control.
If it is not practical to have a single parent for the processes sharing a Berkeley DB environment, each process sharing the environment should log its connection to and exit from the environment in some fashion that permits a monitoring process to detect whether a thread of control may have potentially acquired Berkeley DB resources and never released them.
Obviously, it is important that the monitoring process in either case be as simple and well-tested as possible because there is no recourse if it fails.