- Optimizing Disk Management for Fault Tolerance
- Maximizing Redundancy and Flexibility with Distributed File System
- Simplifying Fault Tolerance with Volume Shadow Copy
- Optimizing Disk Utilization with Remote Storage
- Optimizing Clusters to Simplify Administrative Overhead
- Leveraging Network Load Balancing for Improved Availability
- Realizing Rapid Recovery Using Automated System Recovery (ASR)
- Summary
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Maximizing Redundancy and Flexibility with Distributed File System
One method for creating low-cost failover and redundancy of file shares is leveraging Microsoft's Distributed File System (DFS). A feature introduced in Windows NT 4, DFS improves file share availability by providing a single unified namespace to access shared folders hosted across different servers. Because the same data can be synchronized through replication across multiple servers, there is no single point of failure for the access of the data.
Further, because a DFS root can support multiple targets physically distributed across a network, the network load for accessing particular file shares can be load-balanced rather than taxing a single server.
DFS also improves the users' experience for accessing files because the user needs to remember only a single server or domain name and share name to connect to a DFS-shared folder. Because domain-based DFS, available from Windows 2000, is published in Active Directory, the DFS namespace is always visible to users in the domain. Moreover, if a server hosting a particular share becomes unavailable, DFS will use the site and costing information in Active Directory to route the user to the next closest server.
Finally, because DFS uses NTFS and file sharing permissions, administrators can improve security of data by ensuring only authorized users have access to DFS shares.
The next section explains new DFS features available in Windows Server 2003 and provides best practices for deploying DFS in a Windows Server 2003 network environment.
New DFS Features in Windows Server 2003
Administrators deploying DFS in Windows NT 4, or even in a Windows 2000 Active Directory, often found that the technology promised more than it could deliver. With Windows Server 2003, such problems have been worked out, startup and configuration times have been reduced, memory usage has been improved, and new features have been added.
Closest Site Selection
One such enhancement deals with site costing, which exists in both Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. When a client accesses a DFS namespace, DFS will connect the client to a DFS root target in the client's site. In Windows 2000, if there are no available root targets in the client's site, the client will randomly connect to another DFS root target in any site.
With Windows Server 2003, if a root target is not available in the client's site, it will randomly look for a target in the next closest site, and so on. This feature, called Closest Site Selection, improves upon site costing by automatically connecting the client to the closest possible DFS target.
Intersite Topology Generator (ISTG) Must Be Running
For Closest Site Selection to work on link targets, Intersite Topology Generator (ISTG) must be running on Windows Server 2003. All domain controllers in a domain must be running Windows Server 2003 for Closest Site Selection to work on domain root targets.
To enable Closest Site Selection, use the DFSutil.exe command-line tool that is installed with the Windows Server 2003 support tools. The syntax for the command is as follows:
Dfsutil /root:\\servername>\dfsrootname /sitecosting /enable
Multiple Roots per Server
With Windows 2000 DFS, administrators were limited to creating a single DFS root per server. With Windows Server 2003, a server can contain multiple DFS roots. This new feature provides an immediate server and namespace consolidation opportunity for existing Windows 2000 DFS deployments.
More importantly, Windows Server 2003 provides an opportunity to set up different DFS roots on a single server that each have unique security settings. For companies that want to delegate administration of different DFS roots to particular organizational groups, this can now be accomplished from a single server.
With Windows Server 2003 Enterprise or Datacenter Edition, server clusters can support the multiple DFS roots. Multiple DFS roots can exist in multiple resource groups and each group can be hosted on a different node in the cluster. Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS) is discussed in a later section of this chapter.
Administration Improvements
Windows Server 2003 provides a new DFS Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that eases the administration of the File Replication Service (FRS). Replication of DFS targets can now be configured via a wizard that includes a built-in topology generator as shown in Figure 22.2.
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Figure
22.2 Configuring DFS Replication topology.
Setting Up DFS
DFS is included with a default installation of Windows Server 2003. Setup begins with defining the DFS namespace. The namespace starts with a root that maps to one or more root targets. Below the root are links that map to their own targets, which refer to shared folders on separate servers.
DFS roots can be server-based or domain-based, but they must exist on NTFS volumes. A domain-based DFS root has the following format: \\domainname\rootname, as shown in Figure 22.3.
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Figure
22.3 Setting up the DFS root.
In Active Directory environments, use the domain-based DFS namespace. This type of namespace can include approximately 5,000 links. Multiple DFS targets can be created in the same domain to ensure availability.
For a single namespace that includes more than 5,000 links, use a standalone server-based DFS namespace. A single, standalone DFS namespace can support as many as 50,000 links. Configuration information for a server-based DFS is stored in the local Registry instead of Active Directory.
Domain-based DFS leverages Active Directory for fault tolerance. For a single server implementation of DFS, high availability is achieved by using Microsoft Cluster Service (MSCS).
Many client types can access targets in a DFS namespace by default. These include Windows Server 2003 family, Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 family, and Windows NT 4 with Service Pack 6a. Windows 95/98 will need to have the DFS client installed.
DFS Replication
The following best practices for DFS replication can help ensure that replication occurs as expected. Because file replication is triggered by a file version change or last-saved or modified time stamp, a standard file share might generate many replication changes, which can saturate the network bandwidth. To avoid such scenarios, follow as many of these suggestions as possible:
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Start with an empty DFS root folder to keep from having to replicate any data at the root level. Also, this can simplify the restore process of a DFS root folder because it contains only links that are managed by DFS.
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Do not replicate DFS roots because the roots will try to replicate the data in the root folders plus the data contained within the link targets. Replication is not necessary if the links are already replicating. Because the roots will not replicate for redundancy, deploy domain DFS roots and add additional root targets.
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If possible, use DFS for read-only data. When data is being replicated, FRS always chooses the last-saved version of a file. If a group share is provided through a replicated DFS link and two employees are working on the same file, each on different replica targets, the last user who closes and saves the file will have his change(s) saved and replicated over the changes of other previous saved edits.
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Schedule replication to occur during nonpeak hours to reduce network congestion. For replicating links that contain frequently changing data, this might not be possible, so to provide data redundancy in the unified namespace, create only a single target for that link and deploy it on a cluster file share. This provides server-level redundancy for your file share data.
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Back up at least one DFS link target and configure the backup to not update the archive bit. Changing the archive bit might trigger unnecessary replication.
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Thoroughly test server operating system antivirus programs to ensure that no adverse effects are caused by the scanning of files on a replicated DFS target.
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Verify that the drive that will contain the staging folder for a replication connection contains ample space to accept the amount of replicated data inbound and outbound to this server.
DFS and Security
Although DFS in Windows Server 2003 enables delegation of administration for assigning permissions to DFS roots and links, it does not provide any additional security to the actual DFS root or link targets. What this means for administrators is that the permissions will need to be set on the NTFS shares manually to provide proper access to files and folders within DFS targets.
Moreover, when multiple targets are involved, it is important for administrators to duplicate the NTFS permissions exactly for each additional target. Otherwise, administrators might inadvertently grant users elevated privileges or deny users access completely. To prevent this problem, administrators should create the target file share and configure the share and NTFS permissions manually at the shared folder level before defining the share as a DFS target.
Combining the Functionality of DFS with Software Distribution Via Active Directory Group Policies
When combining the functionality of DFS with software distribution via Active Directory Group Policies, it is important to appropriate NTFS permissions on those shares that contain the software installation packages. If Group Policies are used to push software to computer accounts from DFS shares, make sure those computer accounts have NTFS permission to the file shares.