Endnotes
If a cost (such as an administrative cost) cannot be easily linked with a particular revenues, it is usually recognized as an expense in the period in which it is consumed.
If this sounds high, it is because it is stated in nominal terms. In real terms, the growth rate is only 2%–2.5%.
If you are interested, you can look up the determinants of the PE ratio for a high growth firm in Damodaran, A., Investment Valuation, John Wiley and Sons.
Tangible book value is computed by subtracting the value of intangible assets such as goodwill from the total book value.
Oppenheimer, H. R., 1984, A Test of Ben Graham's Stock Selection Criteria (September/October): v40(5), 68–74.
When firms restate earnings, they have to file an amended financial statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). One easy way of finding firms that have done repeated restatements is to examine the SEC filings data online and to count the number of restatements over a period (three to five years).