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Verifying Domain Hardening
After you complete the hardening process for each domain, reboot the domain and test the configuration by having the domain perform the tasks it should be capable of. At a minimum, make sure that each of the services provided by a hardened domain are running and functioning properly.
Check any additional software installed on the domain to validate that it is functioning properly. Ideally, use existing quality assurance or acceptance testing and scripts to verify that hardened domain is working properly and that the hardening process has not adversely affected any required features.
For our sample configuration, the modifications reduced the TCP and UDP services listening from 93 to 4. Similarly, the registered RPC services went from 149 to 0. These results represents a significant improvement in the security of the Solaris OE on each domain.
After we hardened each domain, installed appropriate versions of Secure Shell, and the rebooted the system, the only network services that are available in our sample configuration are as follows:
# netstat -a UDP: IPv4 Local Address Remote Address State --------------------------------------------------- *.* Unbound TCP: IPv4 Local Address Remote Address Swind Send-Q Rwind Recv-Q State ---------------------------------------------------------------- *.* *.* 0 0 24576 0 IDLE *.cvc_hostd *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN *.sun-dr *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN *.32772 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN localhost.smtp *.* 0 0 49152 0 LISTEN *.22 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN TCP: IPv6 Local Address Remote Address Swind Send-Q Rwind Recv-Q State If ---------------------------------------------------------------- *.* *.* 0 0 24576 0 IDLE *.cvc_hostd *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN *.sun-dr *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN *.22 *.* 0 0 24576 0 LISTEN Active UNIX domain sockets Address Type Vnode Conn Local Addr Remote Addr
After hardening, the daemons left running are as follows:
[sun15-a/] uname -a SunOS 5.9 Generic_112233-03 sun4u sparc SUNW,Sun-Fire-15000 [sun15-a/] ps -ef UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 0 0 0 Dec 06 ? 0:02 sched root 1 0 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /etc/init - root 2 0 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 pageout root 3 0 0 Dec 06 ? 7:09 fsflush root 1158 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300 root 219 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/utmpd root 63 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 devfsadmd root 11 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /platform/SUNW,Sun-Fire-15000/lib/cvcd root 54 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sysevent/syseventd root 60 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:02 /usr/lib/picl/picld root 115 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/platform/SUNW,Sun-Fire-15000/lib/sckmd root 151 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/inetd -s root 252 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/efcode/sparcv9/efdaemon root 187 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/syslogd root 190 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/cron root 238 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q15m smmsp 6045 1 0 08:55:45 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sendmail -Ac -q15m root 1163 1 0 Dec 06 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/ssh/sshd
We perform an additional check to validate the services available on the domain using nmap, as follows:
# ./nmap -p 1-65535 -sS -sU 10.0.0.200
Using the popular freeware network scanner nmap command, this port scan is performed from a system external to the Sun Fire 12K or 15K frame. For more information about the nmap command, refer to http://www.insecure.org/nmap.
Our scan verified that only the following network services are available from outside the frame of the Sun Fire 15K domain:
Starting nmap 3.27 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2003-10-10 19:42 EST) Interesting ports on sun15-a.blueprints.Sun.COM (10.0.0.200): Port State Service 22/tcp open ssh 442/tcp filtered cvc_hostd 665/tcp filtered sun-dr Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 3 seconds
The scan generated the following syslog error messages:
Sep 20 08:04:26 sun15-a ip: [ID 993989 kern.error] ip_fanout_tcp_listen: Policy Failure for the incoming packet (not secure); Source 129.148.181.252, Destination 010.000.000.020. Sep 20 08:04:27 sun15-a last message repeated 1 time Sep 20 08:04:28 sun15-a sshd[357]: [ID 800047 auth.error] error: setsockopt SO_KEEPALIVE: Invalid argument Sep 20 08:04:29 sun15-a ip: [ID 993989 kern.error] ip_fanout_tcp_listen: Policy Failure for the incoming packet (not secure); Source 129.148.181.252, Destination 010.000.000.020. Sep 20 08:04:30 sun15-a last message repeated 1 time
These error messages were generated by the IPsec authentication mechanism on the domain when scanned by nmap. Error messages are produced because the nmap IP packets did not conform to the IPsec security policies used to protect those ports. IPsec is used to authenticate all Sun Fire system traffic accepted by Sun Fire daemons and traffic that should traverse the I1 or MAN internal network.