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Solaris 9 System Startup and Shutdown

Oct 31, 2003

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Solaris 9 System Administration Training Guide (Exam CX-310-014 and CX-310-015)

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Exercises

CAUTION

Don't Do This on a Production System! Because some of the steps involved in the following exercises could render a system unbootable if they're not performed properly, you should not perform these exercises on a production system.

3.1 - Using OpenBoot Commands

In this exercise, you will halt the system and use the OpenBoot commands to set parameters and gather basic information about your system.

Estimated time: 30 minutes

Issue the OpenBoot command to display the banner, as follows:
```
banner
```
Set parameters to their default values, as follows:
```
reset-all
```
Display the list of OpenBoot help topics, as follows:
```
help
```
Use the banner command to get the following information from your system:

ROM revision

Amount of installed memory

System type

System serial number

Ethernet address

Host ID
Display the following list of OBP parameters by using the printenv command:
```
Output-device
Input-device
Auto-boot
Boot-device
```
Set the auto-boot? parameter to false to prevent the system from booting automatically after a reset. From the OpenBoot ok prompt, type the following:
```
setenv auto-boot? false
```
Verify that the parameter has been set by typing the following:
```
printenv auto-boot?
```
From the Unix prompt, set the auto-boot? parameter back to true:
```
eeprom auto-boot?=true
```
Take the system back down to init state 0 and verify that the auto-boot? parameter is set to true.
Use the following commands to display the list of disk devices attached to your system:
```
probe-scsi
probe-scsi-all
probe-ide
```
Explain the main differences between these commands.

CAUTION

Preventing a System Hang If any of these commands returns a message warning that your system will hang if you proceed, enter n to avoid running the command. Run reset-all before running probe- again and then respond y to this message.

List the target number and the device type of each SCSI device attached to your system by using the OpenBoot commands in step 7.
From the OpenBoot prompt, identify your default boot device as follows:
```
printenv boot-device
```
Use the show-disks OpenBoot command to get a listing of the disk drives on your system, as follows:
```
show-disks
```
Display the full device path for the disk4 device alias, as follows:
```
devalias disk4
```
Create a permanent device alias named disk4 that points to SCSI target 4, as follows:
```
nvalias disk4 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/\
esp@f,800000/sd@4,0
```
Reset the system and verify that the device alias is still set by typing the following:
```
reset
devalias disk4
```
Boot the system, log on as root, and use the eeprom command to list all NVRAM parameters.
Use the eeprom command to list only the setting of the boot-device parameter, as follows:
```
eeprom boot-device
```
Reset boot-device to its default parameter from the OpenBoot prompt, as follows:
```
set-default boot-device
```
From the OpenBoot prompt, remove the alias disk4, as follows:
```
nvunalias disk4
```
Reset the system and verify that disk4 is no longer set, as follows:
```
reset
printenv
```
Set all the OpenBoot parameters back to their default values, as follows:
```
set-defaults
```

3.2 - Booting the System

This exercise takes you through the steps of powering on and booting the system.

Estimated time: 5 minutes

Turn on power to all the peripheral devices, if any exist.
If the OpenBoot parameter auto-boot is set to false, you should see the ok prompt shortly after you power on the system. If the system is set to auto-boot, you should see a message similar to the following displayed onscreen:
```
SunOS Release 5.8 Version Generic_108621-04 64-bit
Copyright 1983-2000 Sun Microsystems, Inc. \
All rights reserved.
```
You should see the system begin the boot process. Interrupt the boot process by pressing Stop+A. The ok prompt appears.
At the ok prompt, type boot to boot the system.

3.3 - Booting an Alternate Kernel

In this exercise, you'll practice booting from a backup copy of the /etc/system file. You should use this process if your /etc/system file ever becomes corrupt or unbootable.

Estimated time: 15 minutes

Log in as root.
Create a backup copy of the /etc/system file by typing this:
```
cp /etc/system /etc/system.orig
```
Now remove the /etc/system file by typing this:
```
rm /etc/system
```
Halt the system by typing this:
```
/usr/sbin/shutdown –y –g0 –i0
```
At the ok prompt, boot the system by using the interactive option to supply the backup name of the /etc/system file. You do that by typing this:
```
boot –a
```
You are prompted to enter a filename for the kernel and a default directory for modules. Press Return to answer each of these questions. When you are prompted with this message to use the default /etc/system file
```
Name of system file [etc/system]: 
```
enter the following:
```
/etc/system.orig
```
Later you'll be asked to enter the root file system type and the physical name of the root device. At that point, press Return to answer both questions.
When the system is ready, log in as root and put the original /etc/system file back in place:
```
cp /etc/system.orig /etc/system
```

3.4 - Using Run Control Scripts

In this exercise, you'll practice creating run control scripts and shutting down the system.

Estimated time: 10 minutes

Log in as root and change to the /etc/init.d directory. Copy the file named lp to test:
```
cd /etc/init.d
cp lp test
```

Use the vi editor to edit the file named test. Replace line 16, which reads

[ -f /usr/lib/lpsched ] && /usr/lib/lpsched

with a line that reads

echo ""; /usr/bin/banner "Ready"; echo ""

Now replace line 20, which currently reads

[ -f /usr/lib/lpshut ] && /usr/lib/lpshut

with the following line:

echo ""; /usr/bin/banner "System going down"; echo ""

Verify that the test script runs properly by using the start and stop arguments:
```
./test start
./test stop
```
Change to the /etc/rc2.d directory and create a hard link to the test script that you just created:
```
cd /etc/rc2.d
ln /etc/init.d/test S22test
```
Change to the /etc/rcS.d directory and create another link to the test script that will run when the system goes into run level S:
```
cd /etc/rcS.d
ln /etc/init.d/test K99test
```
Shut down the system to single-user mode:
```
init S
```
Watch the output on the console. Does the shutdown message from the K99test script appear?
Halt the system:
```
/usr/sbin/shutdown –y –g0 –i0
```
At the ok prompt, boot up the system again:
```
boot
```
Watch the system messages on the console. Does the startup message from the S22test script appear?

Review Questions

The hardware-level user interface that you see before the operating system has been started is called what?
1. OpenBoot
2. EEPROM
3. Firmware
4. Boot PROM
Which of the following is where the system identification information, such as the hosted, is stored?
1. Firmware
2. OpenBoot
3. NVRAM
4. Kernel
What tasks are performed by OpenBoot? (Select the two best answers.)
1. Executing POST
2. Loading bootblk
3. Executing ufsboot
4. Loading the operating system kernel
Which of the following is not a task of the OpenBoot firmware?
1. Testing and initializing the system hardware
2. Loading the kernel
3. Starting up the operating system from either a mass storage device or from a network
4. Allowing modification and management of system startup configuration, such as NVRAM parameters
Which of the following is attached to a host computer through a hierarchy of interconnected buses on the device tree?
1. SBus cards
2. SCSI peripherals
3. Plug-in device drivers
4. Nodes
What is /pci@1f,0/pci@1,1/ide@3/disk?
1. Full device pathname
2. Physical device
3. Logical device
4. Instance
Which of the following is used to obtain information about devices and to display device pathnames in OpenBoot?
1. show-devs
2. dmesg
3. pwd
4. sysdef
Which of the following commands creates a temporary device alias named disk3?
1. setenv disk3 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/esp@f,800000/sd@3,0
2. set disk3 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/esp@f,800000/sd@3,0
3. nvalias disk3 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/esp@f,800000/sd@3,0
4. devalias disk3 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/esp@f,800000/sd@3,0
If you want to create permanent aliases in NVRAM (that show up after a reboot), which of the following commands should you use?
1. devalias
2. nvalias
3. setenv
4. eeprom
Which NVRAM variable specifies the device from which to start up?
1. boot-device
2. boot-file
3. output-device
4. input-device
Which command cannot be used to modify NVRAM variables?
1. set-defaults
2. setenv
3. nvalias
4. set-default
If a system will not start due to a bad NVRAM variable, which of the following, performed before you see the OpenBoot prompt, resets the NVRAM variables to their default settings?
1. set-default <variable>
2. Stop+N
3. set-defaults
4. Ctrl+N
Which of the following can restrict the set of operations that users are allowed to perform at the OpenBoot prompt?
1. security-password
2. security-mode
3. set-secure
4. set-security
Which of the following is used in OpenBoot to test all devices that have built-in self-test methods below the specified device tree node?
1. diag
2. probe-scsi
3. test-all
4. test
Which option do you use with the OpenBoot boot command so that you are prompted for the name of the standalone program to load?
1. v
2. f
3. s
4. a
What resides in blocks 1–15 of the startup device?
1. bootblk
2. superblock
3. kernel
4. ufsboot
Which of the following loads the operating system kernel?
1. ufsboot
2. openBoot
3. bootblk
4. init
Which of the following commands lists all hardware devices, system devices, loadable modules, and the values of selected kernel tunable parameters?
1. more /var/adm/messages
2. adb
3. dmesg
4. sysdef
What key combination would you enter to interrupt a system that is not responding?
1. Ctrl+B
2. Ctrl+C
3. Stop+A
4. Ctrl+Alt+Delete
5. Ctrl+Break
What is the function of the auto-boot parameter that is set in the OpenBoot PROM?
1. Boots automatically after power-on or reset
2. Sets the default boot device
3. Reboots after a watchdog reset
4. Automatically performs a system reboot when a system core file has been generated
Which of the following commands is used to set the auto-boot parameter?
1. setenv auto-boot?=false
2. set auto-boot=false
3. eeprom auto-boot?=false
4. nvset
To display all OpenBoot parameter settings, such as boot-device and ttya-mode, what should you type?
1. nvalias
2. devalias
3. printenv
4. show all
To check the target IDs on all the SCSI devices connected to all the SCSI controllers, what should you type?
1. test-all
2. probe-scsi
3. probe-scsi-all
4. test-scsi
The kernel reads which of the following files when loading? (This is where system configuration information is stored.)
1. /etc/system
2. /platform/<arch>/kernel/unix
3. /etc/inittab
4. /kernel/unix
Select the sequence of events that best describes the boot process.
1. Boot PROM phase, boot program phase, kernel initialization phase, init phase
2. Boot program phase, boot PROM phase, kernel initialization phase, init phase
3. Boot program phase, boot PROM phase, init phase, kernel initialization phase
4. Boot PROM phase, boot program phase, init phase, kernel initialization phase
What consists of a small static core and many dynamically loadable modules?
1. The kernel
2. ufsboot
3. The shell
4. The bootblock
By default, how many usable system run states does Solaris 9 have?
1. 3
2. 7
3. 6
4. 8
At what run state is the /export/home file system still available? (In this state, all services except the most basic operating system services are shut down in an orderly manner.)
1. S
2. 1
3. 2
4. 0
What is the first task that the kernel starts up?
1. sched
2. init
3. ufsboot
4. load loadable modules
How can system messages displayed at bootup be viewed later?
1. By issuing the dmesg command
2. By viewing the /var/messages file
3. By issuing the sysdef command
4. By viewing the /etc/boot.log file
To boot a system into a single-user state, what command is entered at the ok prompt?
1. boot
2. boot –s
3. boot –a
4. boot -n
Which command, typed at the ok prompt, stops and asks for input during the boot process?
1. boot –i
2. boot –a
3. boot –v
4. boot -s
Which of the following programs examines the contents of the /etc/inittab file to determine the order for starting up other processes and what to do when one of these processes ends?
1. init
2. boot
3. kernel
4. swapper
Which of the following commands is equivalent to the init 5 command?
1. poweroff
2. halt
3. reboot
4. boot –s
Which of the following programs is responsible for executing ufsboot?
1. bootblk
2. kernel
3. init
4. boot
What command do you use to change run levels?
1. run
2. init
3. kill
4. su
The respawn action in the /etc/inittab file does which of the following:
1. Restarts the command
2. Reboots the system
3. Restarts all system processes
4. Waits for a command to be completed
Where are the startup scripts for run level 3 located?
1. /etc/rc.boot
2. /etc/rc3
3. /etc/rc3.d
4. /sbin/rc3
What is the best method to add a run control script for run level 3?
1. Add the script to /usr/local/bin.
2. Add the script to /etc/init.d and link it to the /etc/rc3.d directory.
3. Add the script to /etc/rc3 and make a link to /etc/init.d.
4. Add the script to /sbin/rc3.

Answers to Review Questions

A. The hardware-level user interface that you see before the operating system starts is called the OBP. For more information, see the section "The OpenBoot Environment."
C. NVRAM is where the system identification information—such as the host ID, Ethernet address, and TOD clock—is stored. For more information, see the section "The OpenBoot Environment."
A, B. The two primary tasks of the OpenBoot firmware are to run the POST and to load the bootblock. For more information, see the section "The OpenBoot Environment."
B. OpenBoot runs POSTs to initialize the system hardware. It also loads the primary startup program, bootblk, from the default startup device. The bootblk program finds and executes the secondary startup program, ufsboot, and loads it into memory. From that point, the ufsboot program loads the operating system kernel. For more information, see the section "The OpenBoot Environment."
D. Devices called nodes are attached to a host computer through a hierarchy of interconnected buses on the device tree. A node that represents the host computer's main physical address bus forms the tree's root node. For more information, see the section "The OpenBoot Architecture."
A. A full device pathname is a series of node names separated by slashes (/). The root of the tree is the machine node, which is not named explicitly but is indicated by a leading slash. Each device pathname has this form:
```
driver-name@unit-address:device-arguments
```
For more information, see the section "PROM Device Tree (Full Device Pathnames)."
A. The OpenBoot command show-devs is used to obtain information about devices and to display device pathnames. For more information, see the section "PROM Device Tree (Full Device Pathnames)."
D. You use the devalias command as follows to create a temporary device alias named disk3:
```
devalias disk3 /iommu/sbus/espdma@f,400000/esp@f,800000/sd@3,0
```
For more information, see the section "OpenBoot Device Aliases."
B. or D. You use the nvalias command from the OpenBoot PROM or the eeprom command from the Unix prompt to create a permanent alias in NVRAM that remains in effect even after a reboot. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot Device Aliases."
A. The NVRAM variable named boot-device contains the name of the default startup device. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
C. You use one of the following commands to modify NVRAM parameters: setenv, set-default, or set-defaults. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot NVRAM."
B. To reset the NVRAM variables to their default settings, you hold down the Stop+N keys simultaneously while the machine is powering up. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot NVRAM."
B. The OpenBoot command security-mode restricts the set of operations that users are allowed to perform at the OpenBoot prompt. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot Security."
C. The OpenBoot command test-all tests all devices that have built-in self-test methods below the specified device tree node. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot Diagnostics."
D. You issue the OpenBoot boot command with the –a option to be prompted for the name of the standalone program to load. For more information, see the section "The boot Command."
A. The bootblock resides in blocks 1–15 of the startup device. For more information, see the section "The boot Command."
A. The secondary startup program, ufsboot, loads the two-part operating system kernel. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
D. You use the sysdef command to list all hardware devices, system devices, and loadable modules, as well as the values of selected kernel tunable parameters. For more information, see the section "The Kernel."
C. You interrupt a system that is not responding by pressing Stop+A. For more information, see the section "Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes."
A. auto-boot? controls whether the system automatically starts up after a system reset or when the power is turned on. The default for this variable is true. When the system is powered on, the system automatically starts up to the default run level. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot NVRAM."
C. eeprom auto-boot?=false is used to set the auto-boot? parameter. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot NVRAM."
C. At the OpenBoot prompt, you use the printenv command to display all OpenBoot parameter settings. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot NVRAM."
C. You use the probe-scsi-all command to check the target IDs on all the SCSI devices that are connected to all the SCSI controllers. For more information, see the section "OpenBoot Diagnostics."
A. When the kernel is loading, it reads the /etc/system file, where system configuration information is stored. This file modifies the kernel's parameters and treatment of loadable modules. For more information, see the section "The Kernel."
A. The boot process goes through the following four phases: Boot PROM phase, boot programs phase, kernel initialization phase, and init phase. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
A. The kernel consists of a two-piece static core that is made up of genunix and unix. genunix is the platform-independent generic kernel file, and unix is the platform-specific kernel file. When the system boots, ufsboot combines these two files and many dynamically loadable modules into memory to form the running kernel. For more information, see the section "The Kernel."
B. Solaris 9 has eight run levels, but because run level 4 is currently not used, it has only seven usable run levels. For more information, see the section "System Run States."
B. Run level 1 is a single-user (system administrator) state in which all local file systems are available. All services except the most basic operating system services are shut down in an orderly manner. For more information, see the section "System Run States."
A. The first task for the kernel is to start the swapper process. The swapper process is the part of the kernel that schedules all other processes. The swapper has a process ID of 0 and is named sched. Its first job is to start up the init process. For more information, see the section "swapper."
A. You use the dmesg command to view system messages that were displayed during the boot process. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
B. You issue the boot –s command at the OpenBoot ok prompt to boot the system into single-user mode. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
B. The boot –a command performs an interactive boot. With this option, you are prompted to enter the name of the kernel, the default modules directory, the name of the system file, the root file system type, and the device name for the root device. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
A. The /sbin/init command generates processes to set up the system based on the directions in /etc/inittab. The init process is the parent of all other processes. It examines the contents of the /etc/inittab file to determine the order for starting up other processes and what to do when one of these processes ends. For more information, see the section "System Run States."
A. The poweroff command is equivalent to the init 5 command, which takes the system into run state 5, the power-down state. For more information, see the section "Commands to Shut Down the System."
A. The bootblk program finds and executes the secondary boot program, called ufsboot, from the UFS and loads it into memory. For more information, see the section "Booting a System."
B. You use the init command to change run levels. For more information, see the section "System Run States."
A. In the /etc/inittab file, the respawn statement restarts a command if it dies. For more information, see the section "System Run States."
C. A corresponding directory named /etc/rc<n>.d contains scripts to perform various actions for that run level. For example, startup scripts for run level 3 are located in the /etc/rc3.d directory. For more information, see the section "rc Scripts."
B. To add a run control script for run level 3, you add the script to the /etc/init.d directory and link it, via a hard link, to the /etc/rc3.d directory. For more information, see the section "Adding Scripts to the Run Control Directories."

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We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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