SONET and SDH: Advanced Topics
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
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3.2 ALL ABOUT CONCATENATION
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3.2.1 Standard Contiguous Concatenation in SONET and SDH
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3.2.2 Arbitrary Concatenation
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3.2.3 Virtual Concatenation
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3.2.3.1 Higher-Order Virtual Concatenation (HOVC)
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3.2.3.2 Lower-Order Virtual Concatenation (LOVC)
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3.3 LINK CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT SCHEME
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3.4 PAYLOAD MAPPINGS
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3.4.1 IP over ATM over SONET
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3.4.2 Packet over SONET/SDH
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3.4.3 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
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3.4.3.1 GFP Frame Structure
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3.4.3.2 GFP Functions
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3.4.4 Ethernet over SONET/SDH
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3.5 SONET/SDH TRANSPARENCY SERVICES
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3.5.1 Methods for Overhead Transparency
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3.5.2 Transparency Service Packages
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3.6 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG
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3.6.1 Transport Problems and Their Detection
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3.6.1.1 Continuity Supervision
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3.6.1.2 Connectivity Supervision
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3.6.1.3 Signal Quality Supervision
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3.6.1.4 Alignment Monitoring
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3.6.2 Problem Localization and Signal Maintenance
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3.6.2.1 Alarm Indication Signals
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3.6.2.2 Remote Defect Indication
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3.6.3 Quality Monitoring
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3.6.3.1 Blips and BIPs
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3.6.4 Remote Error Monitoring
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3.6.5 Performance Measures
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3.7 SUMMARY
3.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, we described TDM and how it has been utilized in SONET and SDH standards. We noted that when SONET and SDH were developed, they were optimized for carrying voice traffic. At that time no one anticipated the tremendous growth in data traffic that would arise due to the Internet phenomenon. Today, the volume of data traffic has surpassed voice traffic in most networks, and it is still growing at a steady pace. In order to handle data traffic efficiently, a number of new features have been added to SONET and SDH.
In this chapter, we review some of the advanced features of SONET and SDH. Specifically, we describe the different ways of concatenating SONET and SDH signals, and different techniques for mapping packet data onto SONET and SDH connections. We also address transparency services for carrier's carrier applications, as well as fault management and performance monitoring capabilities. The subject matter covered in this chapter will be used as a reference when we discuss optical control plane issues in later chapters. A rigorous understanding of this material, however, is not a prerequisite for dealing with the control plane topics.