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Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days

Sep 16, 2005

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Day 6. Creating Valid XML Documents: XML Schemas

Yesterday and on Day 4, "Creating Valid XML Documents: DTDs," you took a look at working with DTDs to validate XML documents. Today and tomorrow you'll get a look at the other way of validating XML documents: using XML schemas. XML schemas allow you considerably more precision than DTDs do, as you're about to see. Here's an overview of today's topics:

Validating XML documents by using XML schemas
Creating XML schemas
Using XML schema-generating tools
Declaring elements
Declaring simple and complex types
Creating sequences of elements
Setting the number of times elements may occur
Giving elements default values
Specifying attributes
Specifying default values for attributes

As of this writing, this quote is available on the W3C XML Activity Page (http://www.w3.org/XML/Activity.html):

While XML 1.0 supplies a mechanism, the document type definition (DTD) for declaring constraints on the use of markup, automated processing of XML documents, requires more rigorous and comprehensive facilities in this area.

For the past two days, you've been working with DTDs, but DTDs are actually pretty basic. As XML developed, XML authors asked the W3C for a more comprehensive and detailed way of specifying the syntax of XML documents, and the W3C responded with XML schemas. The W3C XML schema working group was originally created to tackle a number of issues that DTDs didn't handle well—handling namespaces when validating documents, allowing data typing, allowing and restricting inheritance for validation methods, creating our own data types, and other issues. As you're going to see, XML schemas let you spell out the syntax of XML documents far more precisely than DTDs ever could. Originally, there was very little software that could handle XML schemas, but today you'll find more and more XML schema-aware software available.

XML schemas are a W3C recommendation, and that recommendation is available in these three documents:

http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0— This XML schema primer is a tutorial introduction to schemas.
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1— This document covers XML schema structures, including the formal details on creating schemas.
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2— This document discusses the data types you can use in schemas.

Right now, the XML schema recommendation is in version 1.0, but the W3C is starting to think about version 1.1. Nothing's been firmed up at this point, however. Here's what W3C says about version 1.1:

The XML Schema WG is currently working to develop a set of requirements for XML Schema 1.1, which is intended to be mostly compatible with XML Schema 1.0 and to have approximately the same scope, but also to fix bugs and make whatever improvements you can, consistent with the constraints on scope and compatibility.

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