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Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days

Sep 16, 2005

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Creating an XML Declaration

XML declarations tell XML processors what version of XML you're using, what character encoding the document is written in, and so on. According to W3C, all XML documents should start with an XML declaration, which should be the first line in an XML document. You can also have XML document fragments in some cases, which don't start with an XML declaration, although such fragments are losing support. Here's a sample XML declaration:

<?xml version = "1.0" standalone="yes" encoding="UTF-8"?>

The XML declaration uses the <?xml?> element. In earlier drafts of XML, it was <?XML?>, but was made lowercase in the final recommendation—it's an error to use uppercase. There are three possible attributes you can use in the XML declaration:

version— The XML version; currently, only 1.0 or 1.1 is possible here, and most XML processors do not support 1.1 yet. This attribute is required if you use an XML declaration.
encoding— The language encoding for the document. As discussed earlier today, the default here is UTF-8. You can also use Unicode, UCS, and many other character sets, such as ISO character sets. This attribute is optional.
standalone— Set to "yes" if the document does not refer to any external documents or entities, "no" otherwise. This attribute is optional.

NOTE

Theoretically, the encoding attribute in an XML declaration lets the XML processor know what character encoding you're using, but that raises an obvious problem—to determine the character encoding, you must be able to read the document, at least as far as the encoding attribute in the XML declaration. In practice, XML processors sometimes scan XML documents that they can't figure out, searching for typical character sequences when an unusual character encoding is used. W3C respects that, and is sometimes careful about what character sequences it allows in XML to avoid confusing XML processors scanning documents to determine character encoding.

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