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Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days

Sep 16, 2005

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Linking to Other Documents: `<link>`

As you saw when you discussed style sheets and XML schemas, the W3C provides no clear way to connect XML documents to other XML documents yet, so nonstandard elements such as <?xml-stylesheet?> are used. However, HTML actually does contain a <link> element to link a document to other documents, and there's some hope that it can be used for that purpose in XHTML. This element is empty and appears in the <head> section of a document. The <link> element is supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1. Here are the attributes of <link>:

charset — Specifies the character encoding of the link's target. The default value is ISO-8859-1. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
class — Specifies the style class for the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
dir — Sets the direction of directionally neutral text. This attribute can be set to ltr, for left-to-right text, or rtl, for right-to-left text. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
href — Specifies the target URI of the link. You must assign a value to either this attribute or the id attribute. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
hreflang — Specifies the base language of the target. You set this attribute to RFC 1766 values. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
id — Specifies the ID of the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
lang — Specifies the base language of the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
media — Specifies the device the document will be displayed on. Possible values are screen (the default), print, projection, braille, speech, and all. Style information should be used for all devices. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
rel — Specifies the relationship described by the link. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
rev — Is the same as the rel attribute, but the syntax works in the reverse direction. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
style — Indicates how a browser should display the element. You should set this to an inline style. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
target — Specifies a named frame that is the target of a hyperlink. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset.)
title — Specifies the title of the element (which might be displayed in ToolTips). (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
type — Specifies the MIME type of the target given in the href attribute. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
xml:lang — Specifies the base language for the element when the document is treated as XML. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)

You can specify a relationship between the current document and others by using the rel attribute, which can take these values in XHTML:

rel=alternate — An alternate resource.
rel=appendix — An appendix.
rel=bookmark — A bookmark.
rel=chapter — A chapter.
rel=contents — The contents section.
rel=copyright — A copyright document.
rel=glossary — A glossary.
rel=help — A help document.
rel=home — A home page.
rel=index — An index.
rel=next — The next document.
rel=previous — The previous document.
rel=section — A section.
rel=start — The start of a resource.
rel=stylesheet — An external style sheet.
rel=subsection — A subsection.
rel=toc — The table of contents.
rel=up — The parent of the current document.

The <link> element deserves a place in our discussion of XHTML because it lets you link documents together, which is very handy in XML, especially because the W3C has so little to say about it. Listing 12.2 shows an example that sets rel to "stylesheet" to use an external style sheet. The linked-to style sheet appears in ch12_03.css, in Listing 12.3.

Example 12.2. An XHTML Document That Links to Another Document (`ch12_02.html`)

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/tr/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    <head>
        <title>
            Linking to External Style Sheets
        </title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="ch12_03.css">
    </head>

    <body>
        <h1>
            Linking to External Style Sheets
        </h1>
        <p>
            No problems--now we're linking to external style sheets.
        </p>
    </body>
</html>

Example 12.3. An External Style Sheet (`ch12_03.css`)

body {background-color: cyan; font-family: Arial}
p {font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic}

Figure 12.2 shows the results of Listing 12.3 in a browser.

Figure 12.2 Working with external style sheets.

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