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Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days

Sep 16, 2005

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Creating Hyperlinks: `<a>`

In XHTML, as in HTML, you use the <a> element for hyperlinks with the href attribute or anchors, using the id attribute (and/or the deprecated name attribute for browsers like the Netscape Navigator). This element is supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1. Here are this element's attributes:

accesskey — Lets you connect a keyboard access key to a hyperlink. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict and XHTML 1.0 Transitional.)
charset — Specifies the character encoding of the hyperlink's target. The default value is ISO-8859-1. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
class — Specifies the style class for the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
coords — Is used with image maps. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
dir — Sets the direction of text that doesn't have an inherent direction, called directionally neutral text. This attribute can be set to ltr, for left-to-right text, or rtl, for right-to-left text. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
href — Specifies the target URI of the hyperlink. You must assign a value to either this attribute or the id attribute. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
hreflang — Specifies the base language of the target. You set this attribute to RFC 1766 values. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
id — Specifies the ID of the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
lang — Specifies the base language of the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
name — Holds the name of the element. This attribute was deprecated in XHTML 1.0, although it is still available. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, and XHTML 1.0 Frameset.)
rel — Specifies the relationship described by the hyperlink. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
rev — Acts the same as the rel attribute, but the syntax works in the reverse direction. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
shape — Specifies the type of region for mapping in an <area> element. This attribute is used with the coords attribute. Possible values are rect (the default), circ, circle, POLY, and polygon. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
style — Indicates how a browser should display the element. You should set this to an inline style. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
tabindex — Indexes the tab sequence of hyperlinks to facilitate keyboard navigation. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset.)
target — Specifies a named frame that is the target of a hyperlink. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Transitional and XHTML 1.0 Frameset.)
title — Specifies the title of the element. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
type — Specifies the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) type of the target given in the href attribute. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)
xml:lang — Specifies the base language for the element when the document is treated as XML. (Supported in XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, and XHTML 1.1.)

In XHTML, the <a> element works much as the <a> element does in HTML, except that you need to supply either a value for the href attribute or the id attribute. Listing 12.1 shows an example that creates a hyperlink to the XHTML Activity page.

Example 12.1. An XHTML Document That Uses a Hyperlink (`ch12_01.html`)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    <head>
        <title>
            Hyperlinks in XHTML
        </title>
    </head>

    <body>
       <h1>
            Hyperlinks in XHTML
       </h1>

       This is an
       <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Activity.html">XHTML</a>
       document.
    </body>
</html>

Figure 12.1 shows what this XHTML document looks like in a browser.

Figure 12.1 An XHTML hyperlink.

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