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Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days

Sep 16, 2005

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Summary

XHTML is the reformulation of HTML 4.0 in XML form. XHTML was introduced by the W3C to make HTML documents less sloppy and to enable them to be validated as true XML documents.

There are a number of versions of XHTML: XHTML 1.0 Transitional, the most widespread version, and the closest one to HTML 4.0; XHTML 1.0 Frameset, the same as XHTML 1.0 Transitional, but targeted to documents that use frames, not a <body> element; XHTML 1.1, the module-based version of XHTML; XHTML Basic, targeted to devices that support only smaller implementations of XHTML; and XHTML 2.0, a radical new version that omits all display elements, relying entirely on style sheets instead.

You can find the official recommendation for XHTML 1.0 at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1, the recommendation for XHTML 1.1 at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11, the XHTML 2.0 Working Draft at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2, and the recommendation for XHTML Basic at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic.

The XHTML document element is <html>. The names of XHTML elements and attributes match those in HTML 4.0, but they must be in lowercase. Because an XHTML document is an XML document as well, several rules apply, as you've seen today. For example, non-empty elements need closing tags, you must quote attribute values and not use standalone attributes, and empty elements must end in />.

You also need to use a <!DOCTYPE> element, which must appear before the document element. (However, XHTML 2.0 may let you use XML schemas.) In the <html> document element, you must declare the XHTML namespace, like this:

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

As you've seen today, the elements you use in XHTML match those in HTML 4.0, with restrictions—for example, the elements and attributes that were deprecated in HTML 4.0 are not part of XHTML 1.0 Strict. You've worked through a number of XHTML elements today and seen how they differ from their HTML counterparts. There's more XHTML coming up tomorrow, when we'll talk about frames, images, hyperlinks, style sheets, tables, forms, and more.

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