Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source for Communications Fundamentals, Data Networking and the Internet, and Next-Generation Networks

Description

• Copyright 2002
• Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/4"
• Edition: 1st

• Book
• ISBN-10: 0-201-76032-0
• ISBN-13: 978-0-201-76032-3

Praise for Telecommunications Essentials

“In Telecommunications Essentials, Goleniewski guides us through the ever-changing world of telecommunications with much sense and a great deal of style. Her wide ranging and in-depth study into this complex field is superbly researched and written. Its emphasis on learning and technology is thought-provoking and never fails to be relevant to the field today. It is essential reading.”

—Chris Barclay, Director, Strategy & Planning, Retail, Telstra

“Lillian Goleniewski has a gift in presenting the complexity of telecommunications to her audiences. The careers of countless people in Australia have benefited from their contact with her. Her material is now captured in this book, which should rightfully grace any self-respecting technical collection.”

—Dr. Bob Horton, Deputy Chairman, Australian Communications Authority

“If you need one good reference book on telecom, this is it. It’s comprehensive, easy to understand, and up-to-date on latest technology—definitely a must-have for both beginners and professionals.”

—To Chee Eng, Principal Anaylst, Telecoms and Internet, Gartner Group

“Lili Goleniewski is a gifted communicator and educator who combines clear explanation of complex technologies with a firm grasp of the dynamic commercial environment in which those technologies are being deployed. The author’s extensive international experience in communicating to an audience drawn from diverse cultures and differing levels of familiarity with technical concepts and the English language enables her to enliven subject matter that otherwise can be dauntingly unapproachable. I commend this book to anyone seeking to develop their understanding of developing communications technologies, regardless of their technical background.”

—Peter Leonard, Managing Partner, Technology and Communications, Gilbert & Tobin Lawyers

“Telecommunications Essentials provides a thorough overview of all aspects of the telecommunications network. Whether you are new to telecom or have years of experience, this well-organized and detailed reference will help you learn what you need to know or remember what you have forgotten.”

—David West, Vice President, Equinox Information Systems

“Here is a book that demystifies a technical world. Lili applies a matter-of-fact style and laces this with humor and the occasional wonder to weave all the complex building blocks of the telecommunications industry into a readable book. The book will be a permanent fixture on my ‘go to find an answer’ reference list.”

—Kiron Chatterjee, Koshen Holdings and Former CEO of Asia Online

“Telecommunication Essentials is an excellent high-level view of telecom. It provides interesting examples of actual and potential applications in telecom. This is an extraordinarily useful and timely book.”

—Natasha K. Zaslove, Lawyer

“Reviewing Lili’s book was a joy. Telecommunications Essentials approaches the subject unlike typical academic or reference texts—instead, it tells stories, effectively and engagingly explaining the new culture evolving around telecommunications, with just the right amount of relevant technical details. Telecommunications Essentials traces the evolution of public networks from simple voice conduits to the life-changing multiservice information universe of the near future, intriguingly and provocatively predicting how we, as humans, might radically change our interactions—with each other and with machines—as a result. I recommend Lili’s book to anyone seeking an informative, enjoyable ride through today's telecommunications landscape.”

—Steven Riley, Microsoft Telecommunications Consulting

Telecommunications Essentials is an in-depth introduction to the rapidly growing world of telecommunications. The book provides a global perspective, which ensures a complete understanding of telecommunications technologies and standards worldwide. Providing a comprehensive, one-stop reference for anybody wanting to get up to speed on the $2.5 trillion telecommunications industry, this book not only covers the basic building blocks but also introduces the most current information on new technologies like wireless, broadband, and optical networking.

Topics include:

Technology Basics

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks)

Switching and Routing

Data Communications

Frame Relay, ATM

Internet Infrastructure

VPNs, VoIP, Streaming Media

Broadband Architectures

Security

Optical Networking

Cable

Wireless

Fiber

xDSLs

The broadband home

Goleniewski's clear approach to current and emerging technologies - starting with important terms and definitions, and moving to systems, networks, and the latest applications, products, and services - is based on the very successful worldwide LIDO Telecommunications Essentials seminar and e-Learning series. This approach makes Telecommunications Essentials a must-have resource for any reader, whether new to the field of telecommunications or a seasoned professional.

And as an added bonus, Telecommunications Essentials is augmented by a dynamic online telecom learning center, www.telecomessentials.com/learningcenter, designed to enhance and further your learning experience. The Telecom Essentials Learning Center includes access to:

Self-tests and quizzes to put your new found knowledge to the test.

Discussion forums for student interactions and Q&A.

Recommended books and magazines that will allow you to build your telecommunications knowledge.

Recommended websites, selected according to their relevance to the topics in each chapter.

The LIDO Organization, Inc.'s Telecommunications Essentials educational products are further supported by a unique telecommunications knowledge portal, LIDO Telecom WebCentral, www.telecomwebcentral.com. This portal brings you access to:

More than 6,000 learning resources and video tutorials featured on the site.

Brand new information on financial and legal news.

Up-to-the-moment information on the latest applications.

Connections to telecom career groups and newsgroups.

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Extras

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Telecommunications: In War and Peace

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Sample Content

Online Sample Chapters

Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

Understanding the Telecommunications Revolution

Table of Contents

Introduction.


About the Author.


Acknowledgments.

I. TELECOMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS.

1. Understanding the Telecommunications Revolution.

Changes in Telecommunications.

Incorporating Human Senses in Telecommunications.

The Emergence of Wearables.

Moving Toward Pervasive Computing.

Moving Toward Machine-to-Machine Communications.

Adapting to New Traffic Patterns.

Handling New Types of Applications.

Increasing Backbone Bandwidth.

Responding to Political and Regulatory Forces.

The New Public Network.

Convergence.

2. Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals.

Transmission Lines.

Circuits.

Channels.

Lines and Trunks.

Virtual Circuits.

Types of Network Connections.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bandwidth.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum.

Bandwidth.

Analog and Digital Transmission.

Analog Transmission.

Digital Transmission.

Analog Versus Digital Transmission.

Conversion: Codecs and Modems.

Multiplexing.

FDM.

TDM.

STDM.

Intelligent Multiplexing.

Inverse Multiplexing.

WDM/DWDM.

Standards Organizations.

3. Transmission Media: Characteristics and Applications.

Twisted-pair.

Categories of Twisted-pair.

Applications of Twisted-pair.

Analog and Digital Twisted-pair.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Twisted-pair.

Coaxial Cable.

Characteristics of Coaxial.

Applications of Coaxial.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial.

Microwave.

Characteristics of Microwave.

Applications of Microwave.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave.

Emerging Applications and Developments in Microwave.

Satellite.

Frequency Allocations of Satellite.

Satellite Network Segments.

Satellite Orbits.

Applications of Satellite.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite.

Emerging Applications and Innovations in Satellite.

Fiber Optics.

Characteristics of Fiber Optics.

Components of Fiber Optics.

How Fiber-Optic Transmission Works.

Innovations in Fiber Optics: EDFAs, WDM, and DWDM.

Applications of Fiber Optics.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics.

Wiring for Tomorrow: Undersea Fiber Cables.

4. Establishing Communications Channels.

Establishing Connections: Switching Modes and Networking Modes.

Networking Modes.

Switching Modes.

The PSTN Versus the Internet.

PSTN Characteristics.

Internet Characteristics.

Converging Networks: The Next Generation.

5. The PSTN.

The PSTN Infrastructure.

Service Providers.

Network Access.

Access Services.

Transport Services.

PSTN Architecture.

The Transport Network Infrastructure.

The PDH Infrastructure.

The SDH/SONET Infrastructure.

Signaling Systems.

SS7 Architecture.

SS7 and the Internet.

Intelligent Networks.

AINs.

Next-Generation Networks.

II. DATA NETWORKING BASICS.

6. Data Communications Basics.

The Evolution of Data Communication.

Data Communication Architectures.

Data Communication Traffic.

Data Flow.

The DTE, the DCE, the Transmission Channel, and the Physical Interface.

Modems and Modulation.

Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Data Transmission.

Coding Schemes: ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, and Beyond.

Transmission Modes: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission.

Error Control.

The OSI Reference Model and Protocols.

The OSI Reference Model.

Protocols and Protocol Stacks.

7. Wide Area Networking.

Circuit-Switched Networks.

Leased Lines.

ISDN.

Packet-Switched Networks.

X.25.

Frame Relay.

ATM.

8. Local Area Networking.

LAN Basics.

LAN Concepts and Benefits.

LAN Components.

LAN Characteristics.

LAN Transmission Media.

LAN Transport Techniques.

LAN Access Methods.

LAN Topologies.

LAN Interconnection and Internetworking.

Hubs.

LAN Switches.

VLANs.

Bridges.

Routers.

IP Switches.

Enterprise Network Trends.

9. The Internet: Infrastructure and Service Providers.

Internet Basics.

A Brief History of the Internet.

What the Internet Is and How It Works.

Internet Protocols.

Internet Addressing.

The Domain Name System.

The Organization of the Internet.

The Evolution of the POP Architecture.

Internet Challenges and Changes.

Service Providers.

Evaluating Service Providers.

The Service Provider Value Chain.

Internet Interconnection and Exchange.

NAPs.

Peering Agreements.

Private NAPs.

III. NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS.

10. Next-Generation Networks.

The Broadband Evolution.

Communications Traffic Trends.

Communications Backbone Trends.

Communications Bandwidth Trends.

Communications Application Trends.

Multimedia Networking Requirements.

Digital Video.

Television Standards.

The Broadband Infrastructure.

Converging Public Infrastructures.

Broadband Service Requirements.

Characteristics of Next-Generation Networks.

IP and ATM.

The Broadband Architecture: Multiservice Networks.

The Three-Tiered Architecture.

The Next-Generation Switching Architecture.

QoS.

11. Next-Generation Network Services.

Traditional Internet Applications.

VPNs.

VPN Frameworks.

VPN Applications.

VPN Gateway Functions.

Benefits and Evolution of VPNs.

Security.

Firewalls.

Authentication.

Encryption.

Digital Certificates.

VoIP.

VoIP Trends and Economics.

Advantages of VoIP.

VoIP Applications.

VoIP Service Categories.

VoIP Network Elements.

Next-Generation Standards and Interoperability.

IP PBXs.

The Future of VoIP.

Multimedia on the Internet: Streaming Media.

Streaming Media Trends.

Streaming Media Applications.

Streaming Media on the Internet.

12. Optical Networking.

Optical Networking Drivers.

Components of an End-to-End Optical Network.

EDFAs.

WDM and DWDM.

Optical OADMs.

Optical Switches.

Other Optical Components.

IP over Optical Standards.

Managing Optical Networks.

13. Broadband Access Solutions.

xDSL.

HDSL.

IDSL.

SDSL.

M/SDSL.

ADSL.

RADSL.

VDSL.

HFC 401

HFC Architectures 402

Cable Modems.

Digital Cable TV Devices.

Fiber.

FTTC.

FTTH.

PONs.

Wireless Broadband Access Media.

DBS.

MMDS.

LMDS.

Free Space Optics.

Unlicensed Bands.

Emerging Media.

HomePNA.

Ethernet-in-the-Loop.

PLT.

14. Wireless Communications.

Spectrum Reuse.

Space Division.

Multiple Access Techniques.

Spread Spectrum Techniques.

Duplexing Techniques.

Compression Techniques.

Wireless WANs: Cellular Radio and PCS Networks.

Analog Cellular Networks.

Digital Cellular Networks.

Wireless Data Networks.

Cellular and PCS Standards.

3G Mobile Systems and Beyond.

Mobile Internet.

Wireless MANs.

Wireless Local Loop Applications.

Wireless Local Loop Options.

Wireless LANs.

Wireless PANs.

IrDA.

Bluetooth.

HomeRF.

15. The Broadband Home and HANs.

The Broadband Home.

The Smart House.

Intelligent Appliances.

HANs.

The HAN Market, Applications, and Elements.

Types of HANs.

HAN Gateways and Servers.

Planning for the Future.

Glossary.
Index. 0201760320T04092002

Preface

I love telecommunications. It is powerful, and it empowers, with far reaching consequences. It has demonstrated the potential to transform society and business, and the revolution has only just begun. With the invention of the telephone, human communications and commerce were forever changed: Time and distance began to melt away as a barrier to doing business, keeping in touch with loved ones, and being able to immediately respond to major world events. Through the use of computers and telecommunications networks, humans have been able to extend their powers of thinking, influence, and productivity, just as those in the Industrial Age were able to extend the power of their muscles, or physical self, through the use of heavy machinery. Today, new inventions and developments once again are poising telecommunications as a force to be reckoned with, forever changing human communications and commerce, and introducing machines as members of the networked society. This is an exciting era, in which we face a host of new telecommunications technologies and applications that bring breathtaking new opportunities, particularly in the industries of entertainment, education, health care, government, advertising, lifestyle, and, sadly, warfare.

I have a favorite quote, from Eric Hoffer's Vanguard Management: "In a time of drastic change, it is the learners who inherit the future. The learned find themselves equipped to live in a world that no longer exists." The fact that you are reading this shows that you are aware of the monumental changes taking place in telecommunications infrastructures and usage, and are eager to learn what those are--as well you should be! This book is designed to provide a thorough foundation for understanding a wide range of telecommunications principles and technologies.

If you are new to the communications and information industry or simply want an understandable, yet comprehensive overview of telecommunications, this book is for you. Telecommunications Essentials will equip you with a blueprint on which you can build. The telecommunications landscape is vast, and for a newcomer, it is treacherous terrain to navigate. This book provides you with a logical progression in gluing together all the pieces of the telecommunications puzzle. This book will help you to master the basic building blocks of key technologies, from the principles of telecommunications transmission and networking to the current and evolving nature of the Internet, broadband architecture, and optical networking, addressing both wired and wireless alternatives.

What This Book Covers

This book provides a concentrated, high-level overview of the terminology and issues that comprise telecommunications, and it discusses the major telecommunications infrastructures, including the PSTN, the Internet, cable TV, and wireless.

The book is divided into three parts. Part I: Telecommunications Fundamentals explains the basics, the arts and sciences of telecommunications. It begins by explaining the factors that are contributing to the telecommunications revolution and talks about some of the exciting new technologies that are on the horizon. Part I gives you a good grounding in the basics of telecommunications technology and terminology, covering communications fundamentals, and including the characteristics and uses of the various transmission media. Part I also discusses the processes involved in establishing communications channels, examining the differences between circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, and it explores the nature of the PSTN.

Part II: Data Networking and the Internet introduces the basics of data communications and networking. It discusses today's wide-area and local-area networking alternatives, as well as how the public Internet is structured. It also explores next-generation network services, such as VPNs, Voice over IP, and streaming media.

Part III: Next-Generation Networks explores the realm of broadband networking and emerging technologies, including the near and distant future of communications and its convergence with related infotech industries. Part III covers next-generation network architectures, optical networking, broadband access alternatives, home area networking, and the realm of wireless communications.

In almost every aspect of life, it is important to put and keep things in context. A good idea in one situation might be a terrible idea in another situation. This is often the case with telecommunications; there is no one-size-fits-all be-all and end-all telecommunications solution. In assessing telecommunications needs, it is important to think about the prevailing conditions, so that you can choose the best transmission media, the best network architecture, and so on for the situation. It's also important to remember that prevailing conditions change. So, what's right for you today may change six months down the road. As you plan a telecommunications strategy, it is important to look as far into the future as you can, to make your network as adaptable to future innovations as possible.

Online Tools That Supplement the Book

As the founder and president of the LIDO Organization (www.telecomessentials.com), I have been involved in providing educational and advisory services to developers, suppliers, regulators, investors, consultants, and users of telecommunications technologies and networks since 1984. I want to share my knowledge of telecommunications with people in the format that best fits their learning styles. Some learn best in a classroom situation, where they can make eye contact with the instructor, view graphics while the instructor is explaining concepts, and ask questions in person. LIDO has been providing seminars for these learners for 17 years. Some people prefer to learn at their own pace, and they like the convenience and ability to track down further information that online learning affords. For these people, LIDO has provided e-learning programs (Web-delivered or via software license) since 1999. Yet other people learn best from books--when they can carry their learning tool with them anywhere and read and reread as time and circumstances allow. Therefore, I decided to write this book, to provide a comprehensive source on telecommunications essentials.

A 1775 quote from Samuel Johnson summarizes LIDO's approach to knowledge solutions in telecommunications: "Knowledge is of two kinds: We know a subject or we know where we can find information upon it." LIDO presents this book to help you learn, and it offers the Telecom Essentials Learning Center (www.telecomessentials.com/learningcenter) to help you keep learning. The Telecom Essentials Learning Center offers a number of helpful resources to help reinforce your telecommunications knowledge:

Online quizzes

The online quizzes allow you to test your knowledge after reading each chapter. The quizzes are designed to reinforce what you have learned and assess those areas where you might wish to review the chapter.

Online telecommunications glossary

The telecommunications vocabulary seems to grow daily. You can use the online glossary to search thousands of terms to find definitions quickly.

Student discussion forums

These forums are your place to meet other individuals interested in the telecom field. You will find groups where you can discuss course materials and current events in telecom and where you can make valuable connections with individuals around the world to help advance your telecom knowledge and contact bases.

Links to thousands of related Web sites

Each chapter is supported with links to recommended books, recommended magazines, and a comprehensive list of key sites to visit. This portal includes more than 6,000 links to important destinations in the world of telecom.

The Telecom Essentials Learning Center will help you to keep learning long after you have mastered the essentials of telecommunications.

As a LIDO student, you can also enjoy full access to Telecom WebCentral (www.telecomwebcentral.com). At Telecom WebCentral, you will have at your fingertips up-to-the-moment information on the latest applications and financial and legal news as well as connections to telecom career groups and newsgroups.

Whether in seminar, book, or e-learning format, LIDO explains telecommunications technologies very clearly and in an entertaining and interesting fashion to a very diverse professional audience. It also supports ongoing learning by providing knowledge exchanges and e-business opportunities in a Web-based knowledge center and community. LIDO seminars are offered worldwide, and the perspectives you gain in this book or by attending LIDO seminars or e-learning programs are not U.S.-centric. They provide knowledge and understanding of telecommunications environments on a global basis.

0201760320P10152001

Index

2B1Q, 163, 164

3DES (Triple DES), 344

3G (third generation) systems, 438

barriers to, 454-455

data rates for, 454

frequencies used by, 450

future of, 455

indications for, 449-451

justification for, 449

standards for, 451-452

A

A (access) links, 143

Abilene Project, 266

ABR (available bit rate), 317-318

Access

to networks, 114-118

service categories, 117-118

Access concentrators, 263

ACR (allowed cell rate), 319

Add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), 138-139

for WANs, 185

Address signals, 138

Adelman, L. M., 346

ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM), 129, 437

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 45, 391

advantages of, 398

applications of, 399

characteristics of, 393

illustrated, 398

Lite and Heavy versions of, 398-399

modulation schemes for, 397

types of, 60-61, 396-397

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 242

Agnostic devices, defined, 296

AIN (advanced intelligent network), 145-146

Akamai Technologies, 271

Alerting signals, 139

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 15, 50

Amplifier

defined, 23

erbium-doped fiber, 47

in optical systems, 384

types of, 24

Amplitude, defined, 31

Amplitude modulation

described, 162

illustrated, 161

AMPS (Advanced Mobil Phone System), 439

Analog transmission, 35

characteristics of, 37-38

limitations of, 36

ANSI X.509, 348

ANSI-136, 447

Antheil, George, 434

ANX (Automotive Industry Action Group Automatic Network Exchange), 340

APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center), 243-244, 251

AppleTalk Routing Table Management Protocol (RTMP), 250

Appliances

computing capabilities in, 7

in smart house, 468-472

Application-driven networks, 156

Applications

convergence of, 19

trends in, 286-287

Architectures

application-driven networks, 156

HANs, 157

Internet commercialization and, 156

internetworked LANs, 155-156

LANs, 155

networked mainframes, 154-155

remote access workers, 156-157

standalone mainframes, 154

three-tiered, for broadband, 306-311

time line of, 154

ARDIS (Advanced Radio Data Information Services), 443

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), 243, 251

Aromajet, 5

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 250

ARPANET, 242

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 166

ASPIC (Application Service Provider Industry Consortium), 273

ASPs (application service providers), 271-273

Asymmetric encryption, 345-347

Asynchronous mode, 167

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 45, 96, 107, 109

advantages of, 175, 213

applications for, 205-208

capacity of, 206

cell structure in, 212

described, 205-206, 302

disadvantages of, 214

future of, 213, 265

interfaces for, 208

vs. IP, 303-304

layers in, 208-211

in networks, 212

in next-generation networks, 302-304

packet size in, 194

prevalence of, 205-206, 213

standards for, 205

transmission path, 211-212

ATM adaptation layer (AAL), 209

options in, 210

ATM Forum, 211

ATM layer, 209

ATM QoS, 317-319, 326

service classes in, 317-318

virtual paths for, 319

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems
Committee), 293

HDTV standard of, 293, 294

Attenuated signals, 23, 392

Audio

real-time, 158

in telecommunications, 5

Authentication, 261, 343-344

of messages, 346

Authentication center, 441

Autonomous systems, 251

B

B (bridge) links, 143

B/D links, 143

Backbone

bandwidth requirements of, 11-12

evolution of, 285

speed of, 268

Backward explicit congestion notifier (BECN), 199-200

Bandwidth

classes of, 32-34

defined, 7, 31, 426

on demand, 296

illustrated, 8

increasing, 11-12

media options for, 389-423

modern developments in, 34

required by advanced applications, 12

reservation of, 296

size of market, 389

trends in, 285-286

wireless, 413-421

Barker Code, 435

Base standards, 50

Base station controller

for digital cellular, 440

Baseband, 220

Basic Rate Interface (BRI, BRA), 58-59, 118, 186

described, 188

Beaconing, 222

Blowfish, 344

Bluetooth Consortium, 478

and wireless PANs, 465-466

Body bus, 7

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 106-107, 250, 251, 268

BGP-4, 237, 251, 254

BRANs (Broadband Radio Access Networks), 478

BRI 0B+D, 189

Bridges

functions of, 231-232

limitations of, 233

mechanism of, 232-233

uses of, 233, 234

Britain, telecom regulation in, 15

Broadband

architecture for, 304-327

vs. baseband, 219

defined, 33-34

fiber-based, 407-413

future of, 18-20, 421-423

HFC, 401-407

in the home, 467-481

infrastructure for, 295-296

need for, 17

in next-generation networks, 283-287

service requirements for, 296-297

wireless, 413-421

xDSL, 389-401

Broadband digital cross-connects, 138

Broadcast satellite services (BSS), 73

Bubble switches, 381, 382

Bursty, defined, 104

Bus topology, 226

Bypassing, 68-70

C

C (cross) links, 143

Cable modems

for HFC applications, 403-404

speed of, 404

standards for, 404-405

Cable transmission, 53

coaxial, 62-65

twisted-pair, 56-62

CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Modulation/Phase Modulation), 163, 164, 397

C-band frequencies, 74-75

CBQ (class-based queuing), 323

CBR (constant bit rate), 317

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

characteristics of, 433

described, 432-433, 448

frequency reuse in, 433

future of, 448

generations of, 433

history of, 434

illustrated, 432

Cdma2000 interface, 451, 452, 453-454

CDPD (Cellular Digit Packet Data), 442

CDV (cell delay variation), 318

CDVT (cell delay variation tolerance), 318-319

CEBus, 477

Cell loss, 210, 318

Cell switches, 109

Cells, 194

Cellular architecture, 428-429

Cellular networks

analog, 438-440

digital, 440-441

generations of, 437-438

and MANs, 461

vs. PCS, 438

standards for, 444-449

Central office, 25

functions of, 121-122

Centre de transit (CT), 122

Centre for Electrotechnical Standards
(CENELEC), 294

Centrex, 59

CEPT terminology, 129

CER (cell error rate), 318

Certificates, digital, 348

Channel banks, 126, 182

Channel service units (CSUs), 160

Channels, 24-25

CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 261, 343-344

Chirped-pulse WDM, 373

CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 251

addressing in, 253-254

masking scheme in, 255

Circuit switching

advantages and disadvantages of, 99-100

costs of, 103-104

described, 99

generations of, 100-104

vs. packet switching, 110

Circuit-switched networks, 98-104, 110

ISDN-based, 186-189

leased-line-based, 177-186

types of, 176

Circuits, 22

types of, 22-23

using, 23-24

Clarke, Arthur C., 72

Class 4 offices, 26

Class 5 office, 25

functions of, 121-122

Classes, of IP address, 252-253

Client, defined, 244

CLR (cell loss ratio), 318

CMR (cell misinsertion rate), 318

CMTS (cable modem termination system), 403

CO (central office), 25

functions of, 121-122

Coaxial-cable transmission

advantages and disadvantages of, 64-65

applications of, 65

for broadband, 390

characteristics of, 55, 63-64

described, 62-63

history of, 62

Codecs, 38, 39

Coding schemes, 166-167

Collision domains, 224

Committed information rate (CIR), 201

Common-channel signaling, 140, 141

Compression, 436-437

video, 289-291

voice, 128-129, 352, 437

Concentrators, 44, 227

Connection-oriented networking, 96-97, 107-108

Connectionless networks, 97

described, 105-107, 192-193

Connections

networking modes, 96-97

switching modes, 97-110

Content delivery networks, 270-271

Control segment, of satellite network, 76

Convergence

areas of, 19-20

and broadband, 284

and broadcasting, 293

factors favoring, 18-19

in industry, 19

of networks, 112

COPS (Common Open Policy Services), 326, 342

CPE switches, 25

types of, 200

CPE nodes, 121

Crossbar switches, 101-102

Crosstalk, 392

CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access/collision detect), 223-224

CSUs (channel service units), 125-126

for WANs, 182

CTD (cell transfer delay), 318

Cyclical redundancy checking (CRC), 170

D

D (diagonal) links, 143

Dark fiber, 89, 186

Data, bandwidth requirements of, 10

Data communication

architectures for, 153-157

data flow, 159-170

machine-to-machine, 9

OSI reference model of, 170-174

prerequisites for, 21-22

traffic issues in, 157-158

traffic trends, 284

Data service

defined, 176

elements of, 176

units (DSUs), 160, 179

Datagrams, transmission of, 106

DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite), 413, 415-416

and MANs, 462

DCE (data communications equipment), 159, 160

DCLEC (data competitive local exchange carrier), 115

DDSs, 178-180

DECT interface, 452

Dedicated network connections, 28

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 242

Delay

causes of, 107, 158

as QoS issue, 316

standards for, 291

tolerance for, 9, 10, 17, 102

variable. Jitter

DEN (Directory Enabled Networking), 326

Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM), 96

advantages of, 110, 370

described, 47-48

developments in, 89, 374-375

distinguished from WDM, 373

IP and, 377

in network architecture, 375-377

optical technologies in, 297

DES (Data Encryption Standard), 344

DID (direct inward dialing), 117-118

Diffie, W., 345

Diffie-Hellman algorithm, 345

DiffServ (Differentiated Services), 264, 322, 342

DigiScents, 5

Digit translation, 144

Digital cable TV devices, 405-407

Digital certificates, 348

Digital cross-connect systems (DCSs), 100

described, 127-128

Digital cross-connects

types of, 138

for WANs, 185

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), 478

Digital loop carriers (DLCs), 44-45

compatibility issues with, 45-46

evolution of, 126

uses of, 127

Digital television (DTV), 288-289

standards of, 293-295

Digital transmission, 36-37

characteristics of, 37-38

Digitalization

importance of, 16

steps for, 17

Dijkstra algorithm, 251

DirecTV Duo, 462

Dispersion compensation modules, in optical systems, 384

Distance-vector routing protocols, 250

DLCI (Data-Link Connection Identifier), 199, 325

DLEC (data competitive local exchange carrier), 115

DMT (Discrete Multitone Technology), 163, 164, 397

DNS (Domain Name System), 256-258

DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification), 404

DOD (direct outward dialing), 118

Domain name servers, 261

DS terminology, 129, 130

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 59-61, 118

characteristics of, 391

customer base of, 391

factors affecting, 392-393

interoperability issues, 45

types of, 393-400

DSLAM (DSL access multiplexer), 304

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), 434-436

DTE (data terminal equipment), 159, 160

DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency [touch-tone]) dialing, 355

Duplex transmission, 165-166

Duplexing, 436

DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard, 294-295, 404, 405

Dynamic alternative routing, 184-185

Dynamic routers, 98

Dynamic routing table, 236

E

E (extended) links, 143

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), 166

E-carrier system, 32-33, 114, 118, 124

backbone of, 180-185

signal hierarchy in, 131-132

signaling channels in, 131

e-commerce, future of, 11

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution), 447

Edge devices, intelligent, 307-311

types of, 308

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 250

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 254

ELEC (Ethernet local exchange carrier), 115

Electromagnetic spectrum, 28-32

in communication, 30

Electromagnetic waves, 31

Electronic common control, 102

Electronic tandem networking, 119

e-mail

characteristics of, 329

growth of, 157

servers for, 261

Encryption

asymmetric, 345-347

described, 344

MPPE, 341

PGP, 346

public key, 344

RSA, 346

symmetric, 344-345

Enterprise networks, trends in, 238-239

Entertainment, bandwidth requirements of, 11

ENUM services, 357

Environment, evolution of, 19

Equipment identity register, 441

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 47, 88, 372-373

Error control, 21-22

parity checking in, 169

in synchronous transmission, 168, 170

Error detection, 21-22

parity bits and, 166, 169

ES terminology, 129

Ethernet

cabling for, 221

and LANs, 220

Ethernet switches, 229-230

Ethernet-in-the-loop, 390, 422

EuroDOCSIS, 404

Europe, telecom regulation in, 15

European Broadcasting Union (EBU), 295

European Competitive Telecommunications Association (ECTA), 15

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 15, 294

Exchange points, Internet, 244

Exterior routing protocols, 236-237, 251

Extranets, 246

VoIP use on, 350

VPNs for, 340

F

F (fully associated) links, 143

Fading, 427

Fast Ethernet, 221

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), 436

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 220

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), 430, 431

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 15

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), 434, 435

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 90, 276

Fiber-optic transmission, 54

advantages and disadvantages of, 90-92

applications of, 89-90

for broadband, 390

cabling for, 85-86

characteristics of, 55

compatibility issues, 132-133

forecasts of capacity, 89

FTTC, 408-410

FTTH, 410-411

history of, 84

innovations in, 88-89

light sources for, 87

materials for, 85

mechanism of, 87-88

multiplexing of, 47-48, 373-380

PONS, 411-413

SDH/SONET signal hierarchy, 134-138

standards of, 385

switching of, 378-384

undersea, 92-93

FIFO (first in, first out) queuing, 320

File transfer, 158

Filters, in optical systems, 384

Firewalls, 342

types of, 343

Fixed satellite services (FSS), 73

Fixed wireless local loop, 460

Flat networks, 234

Footprint, satellite, 73

Forward explicit congestion notifier (FECN), 199

Four-pair, defined, 22

Four-wire circuits, 23

Fractional services, 33, 181

Frame format, 133

Frame Relay, 96, 109, 175

advantages and disadvantages of, 205

applications based on, 198

bandwidth-on-demand in, 202

described, 197

dial-up, 188

header format for, 199

interface for, 199

introduction of, 197

networks based on, 198-203

packet size in, 194

performance issues, 203

standards for, 197-198

VoFR, 203-204

Frame Relay Forum, 201

Free Space Optics, 414, 419-420

Frequency, defined, 31

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 41-42, 219

developments in, 370

Frequency modulation (FM), 31-32

described, 162

illustrated, 161

Frequency splitting, 23

Front-end processors, 154

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 330

FTTC (Fiber to the Curb)

advantages of, 410

characteristics of, 410

described, 408

illustrated, 409

modulation for, 408-409

topology of, 408

FTTH (Fiber to the Home)

advantages of, 410

characteristics of, 410

cost of, 410-411

Full-duplex transmission, 165-166

FX (foreign exchange) lines, 119

G

Gateway switches, 146-148

for next-generation networks, 299

Gateways

international, 26, 122

media, 357-359

VoIP, 355-356

for VPNs, 340-342

X.75 protocol, 196

GCP (Gateway Control Protocol), 315

Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites, 77-78

GFSK (Gaussian frequency shift key), 478

Gigabit Ethernet, 221

illustrated, 222

switching in, 230

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services), 446-447

Gratings, in optical systems, 384

Grooming, 134

Ground segment, of satellite network, 76

Ground start, 139

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), 431

band specifications for, 444

described, 445

GTE, as VISP, 274

H

H.225 protocol, 320

H.248 protocol, 360

H.323 protocol, 147

version 2, 314, 360

HALE (high-altitude, long-endurance) satellites, 81

Half-duplex transmission, 165

HANs (home area networks), 116

computer interconnection in, 475

control networks for, 479-480

fiber optics in, 90

future of, 480-481

gateways and servers for, 480

growth of, 157

infrastructure for, 474-475

justification for, 468-469

market for, 474

over power lines, 476-477, 478

as part of smart house, 468-472

over telephone lines, 476

types of, 476

wired networks, 480

wireless, 477-479

Haptics, 5

Hashing, 345, 346

HDSL2, 395

HDTV (high definition television), 293

ATSC standards for, 294

bandwidth requirements of, 289

Hellman, M. E., 345

Hertz, Heinrich, 28

Hierarchical networks, 236

High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS), 81

High-bit-rate DSL (HDSL), 60, 391

advantages of, 394

applications of, 395

characteristics of, 393

described, 393

High-bit-rate vocoders, 437

High-speed Token Ring, 220

HIPERLAN, 464

Hoffer, Eric, xv

Home location register, 441

HomePNA, 390, 421-422, 476

HomeRF, 466

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data), 445-446

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 330

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 330

Hubs

intelligent, 228

types of, 227

Hybrid fiber coax (HFC), 63, 401

architectures based on, 64, 402-403

cable modems, 403-405

networks based on, 401, 402

Hz (hertz), defined, 31

I

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 243, 244, 258

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 243, 244, 258

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 249

IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), 345

IEEE 802.11, 464, 477

IEEE 802.14, 405

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 243

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), 249-250

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 250

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 250

IKE (Internet Key Exchange) protocol, 347

ILEC (incumbent local exchange carrier), 115

Images, bandwidth requirements of, 10

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000), 450

standards for, 451-452

Information retrieval, 158

Information signals, 138-139

Infrasound, 29

Input queue, 235

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 15

Intelligent hub, 228

Intelligent multiplexing, 44-45

Intelligent networks (INs)

AINs, 145-146

backbone for, 361

features of, 145

history of, 144

next-generation, 146-150

programmable, 315

second-generation, 145

Interactive computing, 158

Interior routing protocols, 236, 251

International gateways, 26

functions of, 122

International Telecommunications Union
(ITU), 14

sectors of, 49-50

World Radio Conferences of, 15

Internet

addressing, 252-256

challenges and changes to, 263-265

characteristics of, 111

commercialization of, 156

described, 244-247

Domain Name System, 256-258

e-mail, 157, 329

elasticity of applications, 329-330

exchange points on, 244

FTP, 330

growth rate of, 156, 241-242, 263, 284

future of, 263-265, 279

history of, 242-244

information flow on, 270

interconnection and exchange on, 276-280

ISDN for, 188

mobile, 455-459

organization of, 259-265

packet loss on, 158

protocols for, 247-252

purpose of, 259

QoS issues, 330-331

regulatory issues, 275

service providers for, 265-276

SS7 and, 143

streaming media, 364-367

Telnet, 329-330

32-bit addressing, 253

typical session on, 114

uses of, 330-331

VoIP on, 349-363

VPNs on, 333-334, 335

Internet Architecture Board, 243

Internet Engineering Steering Group, 243

Internet Research Steering Group, 243

Internet Research Task Force, 243

Internet Society, (ISOC), 50, 243

Internet telephony directory, 357

Internet-based VPN, 333-334, 335

Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) RIP, 250

Internetworked LANs, 155-156

Internetworks, 244-245

for next-generation network, 298-299

Interoffice signaling, 139

Interoperability NOW! (iNOW!), 361

Interplanetary Internet (IPNSIG), 266

Intranet, 246

VoIP use on, 350

VPNs for, 338

IntServ, 319-322

Inverse multiplexing, 46-47, 394

IP (Internet Protocol), 248-249

vs. ATM, 303-304

current version of (IPv4), 252-253

over DWDM, 377, 385

next generation of (IPv6), 255-256

for next-generation networks, 300

QoS, 319-322

routing problems related to, 300-301

IP address, 252

IP Ethernet phones, 353

IP long-distance wholesale, 350-352

IP PBXs, 362-363

IP switches, 237-238

for next-generation network, 301-302

IP telephony, 352-353

cable-based, 406-407

IPCF (International Power Line Communications Forum), 477

IPDC (Internet Protocol Device Control), 315

IPS7 protocol, 361

IPSec (IP Security), 341

IrDA (Infrared Data Association) standard, 465

Ireland, telecom regulation in, 16

IS-54 cellular network, 439

IS-95 variants, 448-449

IS-136, 448

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network),
45, 118

applications for, 188-189

elements of, 186, 187

network interfaces for, 186, 187

standards for, 186

types of, 58-59

ISDN DSL (IDSL), 61, 189, 391, 395

characteristics of, 393

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) routing, 98, 106, 251

ISM radio bands, 420

Isochronous traffic, 296

ISPs (Internet service providers)

evaluating, 267-274

scope of, 265

types of, 265-267

value chain of, 274-276

virtual, 274

IXC (interexchange carrier), 115

J

J-carrier system, 33, 114, 118, 124

backbone of, 180-185

signaling bits in, 130

JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular), 431

Jitter, 108, 204, 292

Johnson, Samuel, xvii

JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communication System), 439

Junction exchanges, 26

Junction network, 122

K

Ka-band frequencies, 75

Kao, Charles, 84

Ku-band frequencies, 75

L

L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding), 341

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 341

Label stacking, 325

Label-switching routers (LSRs), 323

Lamarr, Hedy, 434

LambdaRouter (Lucent), 381

LAN switches, 228-230

LANs (local area networks), 426

access methods for, 221-224

advantages of, 217

bridges in, 231-234

cabling requirements for, 221

characteristics of, 217-227

components of, 217

fiber optics in, 90

function of, 216

history of, 215

growth of, 155

hubs for, 227-228

internetworking of, 155-156, 227-238

IP switches in, 237-238

ISDN for, 188

standards for, 220

topologies for, 225-227

transmission media for, 218-219

transport techniques for, 219-220

VLANs, 230-231

wireless, 463-465

LAPB format, 199

Laser diodes, 87

Lasers, in optical systems, 384

Latency

switching, 108

threshold figures for, 17-18

Layer, defined, 174

L-band frequencies, 75

LCD switches, 381, 383

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 326, 327, 360-361

LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 324

Leased lines, 119

configuration of, 177-178

DDSs, 178-180

and T-, E-, and J-carrier backbone, 180-185

Leased-line network connections, 28

LEC (local exchange carrier), 115

LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 87

LibertyBay.com, 274

LIDO Organization, xvii

scope of, xvii-xviii

Line, defined, 25

Link-state routing protocols, 250-251

LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service),
71-72, 414, 418-419

and MANs, 461

Load balancing, 271

Load coils, 126

Loaded pairs, 392

Local exchange, 25, 121-122

Local exchange trunk, 117

Local loop, 16, 17, 22

fiber optics in, 89

wireless, 69, 71-72, 460-463

Logical four-wire, 23

LonWorks, 479

Loop carriers, 392-393

Loop start, 139

Loss

cell, 210, 318

packet, 108-109, 204, 291, 300, 355

path, 426

tolerance for, 18, 102, 158

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, 80

applications of, 81

Low-bit-rate vocoders, 437

LPC (Line Pulse Coding), 437

M

Machine-to-machine communication, 9

bandwidth requirements for, 12

trend toward, 284

Macrocells, 429

MAE East, 279

MAE West, 279

Main distribution frame (MDF), 100

Mainframes

networked, 154-155

standalone, 155

Mandl, Fritz, 434

MANs (metropolitan area networks), 426

range of, 459

wireless local loop applications, 460-461

wireless local loop options, 461-463

Maxwell, James Clerk, 28

MBONE (multicast backbone), 252

MBS (maximum burst size), 318

MCGP protocol, 360

MCNS (Multimedia Cable Network Systems), 404

for digital cable devices, 405

m-commerce

applications for, 457-458

future of, 11

MCR (minimum cell rate), 319

MD5 (Message Digest-5), 346

Media gateways, 357-359

MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 147, 315

MEGACO (Multimedia Gateway Control), 315, 360

MEMS (microelectromechanical system) switches, 381

Meta-computing, bandwidth requirements for, 12

Metric prefixes, listed, 13

Metropolitan area exchanges (MAEs), 267

Microwave transmission

advantages and disadvantages of, 70-71

applications of, 67-60

characteristics of, 55

future of, 71-72

issues regarding, 66-67

Middle earth orbit (MEO) satellites, 80

Midspan meet, 133

MIThril, 6-7

MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services), 71, 414, 416-418

and MANs, 461-462

Mobile Assistant IV (Xybernaut), 6

Mobile Internet, 455-456

applications for, 457-458

WAP and, 456-457

Mobile satellite services (MSS), 73

Mobile traffic switching office (MTSO), 439-440

Mobile wireless local loop, 460

Mobility networks, 475

Mobitex, 443

Modems, 38, 39, 160

cable, 403-405

speed limitations of, 35

Modulation schemes, 160-161

components of, 161-163

types of, 163-165

Monomode fiber, 85

MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 289

video standards of, 290-291

MPS protocol, 265, 385

MPLS

benefits of, 323-325

future of, 325-326

history of, 323

illustrated, 324

label stacking in, 325

MPPE (Microsoft Point-to-Point
Encryption), 341

MSP Association, 273

MSPs (management service providers), 273

Multicarrier modulation schemes, 163, 164

Multicast, 252

defined, 296

Multimedia

digital video, 288

growth of, 19, 287-288

infrastructure for, 295-304

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