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Complete Guide to Windows Server 2008, The

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Complete Guide to Windows Server 2008, The

By John Savill
Published Oct 1, 2008 by Addison-Wesley Professional.

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Copyright 2009
Edition: 1st

Book
ISBN-10: 0-321-50272-8
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-50272-8

“This book is an invaluable one-stop reference for deploying, configuring, and managing Windows Server 2008. It’s filled with John’s unique and hard-earned nuggets of advice, helpful scripts, and shortcuts that will save you time and money.”

--Mark Russinovich

The Start-to-Finish, Comprehensive Windows Server 2008 Book for Every Working Administrator and Architect

To make the most of Windows Server 2008 in production environments, you need a deep understanding of its technical details. However, accurate and reliable information is scarce, and even most skilled Windows professionals don’t know Windows Server 2008 as well as they should. The Complete Guide to Windows Server 2008brings together more than 1,500 pages of practical Windows Server 2008 insight and in-depth knowledge that you can't find anywhere else, all based on final code. John Savill—one of the world’s most visible and trusted experts on Windows Server technology—specializes in helping real companies use Windows Server 2008 to run their businesses. His access to Microsoft’s product team as a Microsoft MVP and one of 50 elite “Windows Server 2008 Delta Force Rangers” benefited this book’s accuracy and value.

Coverage includes

Deployment planning, implementing, and managing new features, including Windows Server Core and Hyper-V virtualization
Choosing the right installation and upgrade options for your environment
Securing Windows Server 2008: authentication, authorization, BitLocker, certification services, and more
Implementing TCP/IP, advanced network services, remote access, and thin-client Terminal Services
Active Directory in depth, including Federated Services, Lightweight Directory Services, and Rights Management
Providing high availability through Network Load Balancing and failover clustering
Using Windows Deployment Services to quickly deploy multiple servers
Supporting complex distributed environments with the Distributed File System
Automating server management with PowerShell and the command prompt
Integrating Windows Server 2008 with UNIX, Linux, and legacy NetWare servers
Troubleshooting Windows Server 2008 and Vista environments, including an intuitive “how to” index to quickly locate answers to commonly asked questions

www.savilltech.com/completeguidetowindows2008

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Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix

Chapter 1: Windows 101: Its Origins, Present, and the Services It Provides . . .1

Origin of the Windows Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Features of the Windows Server 2008 Product Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Chapter 2: Windows Server 2008 Fundamentals: Navigating and Getting Started . . .43

Windows Vista at 30,000 Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

The Logon Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

User Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Windows Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

The Desktop Windows Manager (DWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Windows Aero Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Task Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Fast User Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Windows Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

The Microsoft Management Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

The Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Chapter 3: Installing and Upgrading Windows Server 2008 . . .99

Installing Windows Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Upgrading to Windows Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Advanced Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Viewing Installation Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Automating Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Chapter 4: Securing Your Windows Server 2008 Deployment . . .141

Authentication and Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

The Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

BitLocker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Authentication Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Securing Windows Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Chapter 5: File System and Print Management Features . . .225

File System Types and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

File Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

File Server Resource Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257

Print Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333

Chapter 6: TCP/IP . . .335

Internet Protocol (IP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356

Network Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362

Communication Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

Chapter 7: Advanced Networking Services . . .377

DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Domain Name System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406

WINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

Chapter 8: Remote Access and Securing and Optimizing the Network . . .451

Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

RADIUS and Policy Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478

Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486

Network Access Protection (NAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519

Chapter 9: Terminal Services . . .521

Enabling Remote Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526

Initiating a Remote Desktop Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529

Terminal Server Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544

Installing Terminal Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558

TS Easy Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559

TS Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

Remote Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583

TS Web Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594

TS Session Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604

Management and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621

Chapter 10: Active Directory Domain Services Introduction . . .623

Workgroups Versus Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623

Exclusive Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627

Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630

Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632

Domain and Forest Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .671

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677

Chapter 11: Designing and Installing Active Directory . . .679

Adding a Replica Domain Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679

Creating a New Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .698

Verifying Domain Controller Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .705

Creating a Domain Controller from Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715

Removing Domain Controllers and Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719

Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722

Trust Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .740

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751

Chapter 12: Managing Active Directory and Advanced Concepts . . .753

Customizing Site Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753

Forcing a Demotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767

Managing AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777

Backing Up and Restoring AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .811

Auditing AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .829

Advanced Password Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834

Prune and Graft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836

Upgrading AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849

Chapter 13: Active Directory Federated Services, Lightweight Directory Services, and Rights Management . . .851

Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .852

Active Directory Rights Management Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865

Active Directory Federated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .891

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909

Chapter 14: Server Core . . .911

Overview of Windows Server Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .911

Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915

Server Core Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .918

Performing Common Actions Using Server Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .940

Remotely Managing Server Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .942

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .952

Chapter 15: Distributed File System . . .953

Distribution of Other Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .954

Distributed File System Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957

Distributed File System Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .964

Installing and Configuring DFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1008

Chapter 16: Deploying Windows . . .1011

Image Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1011

Installing Windows Deployment Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1017

Customizing the Windows Vista Deployment Process . . . . . . . . . . . .1041

Automating the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1049

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1083

Chapter 17: Managing and Maintaining Windows Server 2008 . .1085

Server Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1085

Computer Management Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1151

Windows Server Backup (WSB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1152

Patch Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1178

Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1185

Performance and Paging File Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1192

Managing from a Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1202

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1203

Chapter 18: Highly Available Windows Server 2008 . . .1205

High-Level Overview of NLB and Failover Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . .1205

Network Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1210

Failover Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1269

Chapter 19: Virtualization and Resource Management . . .1271

Virtualization 360 Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1271

Virtual Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1272

Virtual Machines and Hyper-V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1283

Windows System Resource Manager (WSRM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1319

Advantages of Virtualization and Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1330

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1330

Chapter 20: Troubleshooting Windows Server 2008 and Vista Environments . . .1333

Boot Mode Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1334

Windows Recovery Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1338

Reliability and Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1355

Event Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1381

MSConfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1400

Windows Error Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1401

System Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1402

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1407

Chapter 21: Group Policy . . .1409

Group Policy Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1410

Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1427

Group Policy Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1491

Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1501

Microsoft Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1503

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1505

Chapter 22: The Command Prompt and PowerShell . . .1507

Command.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1508

CMD.EXE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1510

Windows Scripting Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1528

PowerShell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1536

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1563

Chapter 23: Connecting Windows Server 2008 to Other Environments . . .1565

UNIX Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1566

NetWare Integration and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1593

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1608

Chapter 24: Internet Information Services . . .1611

IIS 7.0 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1611

Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1625

IIS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1628

Certificates and Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1645

Server Core Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1648

IIS and Windows Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1648

Windows Web Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1649

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1650

How To Quick Reference . . . 1651

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1657

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Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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