Home > Store

Principles of Power Integrity for PDN Design--Simplified: Robust and Cost Effective Design for High Speed Digital Products

Register your product to gain access to bonus material or receive a coupon.

Principles of Power Integrity for PDN Design--Simplified: Robust and Cost Effective Design for High Speed Digital Products

eBook (Watermarked)

  • Your Price: $101.99
  • List Price: $119.99
  • Includes EPUB and PDF
  • About eBook Formats
  • This eBook includes the following formats, accessible from your Account page after purchase:

    ePub EPUB The open industry format known for its reflowable content and usability on supported mobile devices.

    Adobe Reader PDF The popular standard, used most often with the free Acrobat® Reader® software.

    This eBook requires no passwords or activation to read. We customize your eBook by discreetly watermarking it with your name, making it uniquely yours.

Description

  • Copyright 2017
  • Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
  • Pages: 816
  • Edition: 1st
  • eBook (Watermarked)
  • ISBN-10: 0-13-273559-8
  • ISBN-13: 978-0-13-273559-9

Consistently Design PDNs That Deliver Reliable Performance at the Right Cost

Too often, PDN designs work inconsistently, and techniques that work in some scenarios seem to fail inexplicably in others. This book explains why and presents realistic processes for getting PDN designs right in any new product. Drawing on 60+ years of signal and power integrity experience, Larry Smith and Eric Bogatin show how to manage noise and electrical performance, and complement intuition with analysis to balance cost, performance, risk, and schedule. Throughout, they distill the essence of complex real-world problems, quantify core principles via approximation, and apply them to specific examples. For easy usage, dozens of key concepts and observations are highlighted as tips and listed in quick, chapter-ending summaries.

Coverage includes
• A practical, start-to-finish approach to consistently meeting PDN performance goals
• Understanding how signals interact with interconnects
• Identifying root causes of common problems, so you can avoid them
• Leveraging analysis tools to efficiently explore design space and optimize tradeoffs
• Analyzing impedance-related properties of series and parallel RLC circuits
• Measuring low impedance for components and entire PDN ecologies
• Predicting loop inductance from physical design features
• Reducing peak impedances from combinations of capacitors
• Understanding power and ground plane properties in the PDN interconnect
• Taming signal integrity problems when signals change return planes
• Reducing peak impedance created by on-die capacitance and package lead inductance
• Controlling transient current waveform interactions with PDN features
• Simple spreadsheet-based analysis techniques for quickly creating first-pass designs

This guide will be indispensable for all engineers involved in PDN design, including product, board, and chip designers; system, hardware, component, and package engineers; power supply designers, SI and EMI engineers, sales engineers, and their managers.

Downloads

Downloads

Download: PDN Resonance Calculator (PRC) from Chapter 10 (1.7 MB .xls)

Extras

Author's Site

Visit the author's site at www.BeTheSignal.com.

Sample Content

Sample Pages

Download the sample pages (includes Chapter 1 and index)

Table of Contents

Preface     xix
Acknowledgments     xxvii
About the Authors     xxix
Chapter 1  Engineering the Power Delivery Network     1
1.1  What Is the Power Delivery Network (PDN) and Why Should I Care?     1
1.2  Engineering the PDN     5
1.3  “Working” or “Robust” PDN Design     8
1.4  Sculpting the PDN Impedance Profile     12
1.5  The Bottom Line     14
Reference     15
Chapter 2  Essential Principles of Impedance for PDN Design     17
2.1  Why Do We Care About Impedance?     17
2.2  Impedance in the Frequency Domain     18
2.3  Calculating or Simulating Impedance     21
2.4  Real Circuit Components vs Ideal Circuit Elements     26
2.5  The Series RLC Circuit     30
2.6  The Parallel RLC Circuit     34
2.7  The Resonant Properties of a Series and Parallel RLC Circuit     36
2.8  Examples of RLC Circuits and Real Capacitors     42
2.9  The PDN as Viewed by the Chip or by the Board     46
2.10  Transient Response     52
2.11  Advanced Topic: The Impedance Matrix     56
2.12  The Bottom Line     66
References     68
Chapter 3  Measuring Low Impedance     69
3.1  Why Do We Care About Measuring Low Impedance?     69
3.2  Measurements Based on the V/I Definition of Impedance     70
3.3  Measuring Impedance Based on the Reflection of Signals     71
3.4  Measuring Impedance with a VNA     76
3.5  Example: Measuring the Impedance of Two Leads in a DIP     81
3.6  Example: Measuring the Impedance of a Small Wire Loop     86
3.7  Limitations of VNA Impedance Measurements at Low Frequency     89
3.8  The Four-Point Kelvin Resistance Measurement Technique     93
3.9  The Two-Port Low Impedance Measurement Technique     95
3.10  Example: Measuring the Impedance of a 1-inch Diameter Copper Loop     102
3.11  Accounting for Fixture Artifacts     105
3.12  Example: Measured Inductance of a Via     109
3.13  Example: Small MLCC Capacitor on a Board     114
3.14  Advanced Topic: Measuring On-Die Capacitance     120
3.15  The Bottom Line     134
References     136
Chapter 4  Inductance and PDN Design     137
4.1  Why Do We Care About Inductance in PDN Design?     137
4.2  A Brief Review of Capacitance to Put Inductance in Perspective     138
4.3  What Is Inductance? Essential Principles of Magnetic Fields and Inductance     141
4.4  Impedance of an Inductor     147
4.5  The Quasi-Static Approximation for Inductance     150
4.6  Magnetic Field Density, B     155
4.7  Inductance and Energy in the Magnetic Field     159
4.8  Maxwell’s Equations and Loop Inductance     163
4.9  Internal and External Inductance and Skin Depth     167
4.10  Loop and Partial, Self- and Mutual Inductance     172
4.11  Uniform Round Conductors     175
4.12  Approximations for the Loop Inductance of Round Loops     179
4.13  Loop Inductance of Wide Conductors Close Together     182
4.14  Approximations for the Loop Inductance of Any Uniform Transmission Line     188
4.15  A Simple Rule of Thumb for Loop Inductance     194
4.16  Advanced Topic: Extracting Loop Inductance from the S-parameters Calculated with a 3D Field Solver     195
4.17  The Bottom Line     202
References     204
Chapter 5  Practical Multi-Layer Ceramic Chip Capacitor Integration     205
5.1  Why Use Capacitors?     205
5.2  Equivalent Circuit Models for Real Capacitors     206
5.3  Combining Multiple Identical Capacitors in Parallel     209
5.4  The Parallel Resonance Frequency Between Two Different Capacitors     211
5.5  The Peak Impedance at the PRF     215
5.6  Engineering the Capacitance of a Capacitor     220
5.7  Capacitor Temperature and Voltage Stability     222
5.8  How Much Capacitance Is Enough?     225
5.9  The ESR of Real Capacitors: First- and Second-Order Models     229
5.10  Estimating the ESR of Capacitors from Spec Sheets     234
5.11  Controlled ESR Capacitors     238
5.12  Mounting Inductance of a Capacitor     240
5.13  Using Vendor-Supplied S-parameter Capacitor Models     251
5.14  How to Analyze Vendor-Supplied S-Parameter Models     254
5.15  Advanced Topics: A Higher Bandwidth Capacitor Model     258
5.16  The Bottom Line     272
References     274
Chapter 6  Properties of Planes and Capacitors     275
6.1  The Key Role of Planes     275
6.2  Low-Frequency Property of Planes: Parallel Plate Capacitance     278
6.3  Low-Frequency Property of Planes: Fringe Field Capacitance     279
6.4  Low-Frequency Property of Planes: Fringe Field Capacitance in Power Puddles     285
6.5  Loop Inductance of Long, Narrow Cavities     290
6.6  Spreading Inductance in Wide Cavities     292
6.7  Extracting Spreading Inductance from a 3D Field Solver     304
6.8  Lumped-Circuit Series and Parallel Self-Resonant Frequency     307
6.9  Exploring the Features of the Series LC Resonance     312
6.10  Spreading Inductance and Source Contact Location     315
6.11  Spreading Inductance Between Two Contact Points     317
6.12  The Interactions of a Capacitor and Cavities     325
6.13  The Role of Spreading Inductance: When Does Capacitor Location Matter?     327
6.14  Saturating the Spreading Inductance     332
6.15  Cavity Modal Resonances and Transmission Line Properties     334
6.16  Input Impedance of a Transmission Line and Modal Resonances     340
6.17  Modal Resonances and Attenuation     343
6.18  Cavity Modes in Two Dimensions     347
6.19  Advanced Topic: Using Transfer Impedance to Probe Spreading Inductance     354
6.20  The Bottom Line     361
References     362
Chapter 7  Taming Signal Integrity Problems When Signals Change Return Planes     363
7.1  Signal Integrity and Planes     363
7.2  Why the Peak Impedances Matter     364
7.3  Reducing Cavity Noise through Lower Impedance and Higher Damping     367
7.4  Suppressing Cavity Resonances with Shorting Vias     372
7.5  Suppressing Cavity Resonances with Many DC Blocking Capacitors     383
7.6  Estimating the Number of DC Blocking Capacitors to Suppress Cavity Resonances     387
7.7  Determining How Many DC Blocking Capacitors Are Needed to Carry Return Current     393
7.8  Cavity Impedance with a Suboptimal Number of DC Blocking Capacitors     397
7.9  Spreading Inductance and Capacitor Mounting Inductance     401
7.10  Using Damping to Suppress Parallel Resonant Peaks Created by a Few Capacitors     403
7.11  Cavity Losses and Impedance Peak Reduction     408
7.12  Using Multiple Capacitor Values to Suppress Impedance Peak     411
7.13  Using Controlled ESR Capacitors to Reduce Peak Impedance Heights     414
7.14  Summary of the Most Important Design Principles for Managing Return Planes     418
7.15  Advanced Topic: Modeling Planes with Transmission Line Circuits     419
7.16  The Bottom Line     423
References     425
Chapter 8  The PDN Ecology     427
8.1  Putting the Elements Together: The PDN Ecology and the Frequency Domain     428
8.2  At the High-Frequency End: The On-Die Decoupling Capacitance     430
8.3  The Package PDN     440
8.4  The Bandini Mountain     447
8.5  Estimating the Typical Bandini Mountain Frequency     452
8.6  Intrinsic Damping of the Bandini Mountain     456
8.7  The Power Ground Planes with Multiple Via Pair Contacts     460
8.8  Looking from the Chip Through the Package into the PCB Cavity     465
8.9  Role of the Cavity: Small Boards, Large Boards, and “Power Puddles”     469
8.10  At the Low Frequency: The VRM and Its Bulk Capacitor     476
8.11  Bulk Capacitors: How Much Capacitance Is Enough?     479
8.12  Optimizing the Bulk Capacitor and VRM     483
8.13  Building the PDN Ecosystem: The VRM, Bulk Capacitor, Cavity, Package, and On-Die Capacitance     488
8.14  The Fundamental Limits to the Peak Impedance     492
8.15  Using One Value MLCC Capacitor on the Board-General Features     498
8.16  Optimizing the Single MLCC Capacitance Value     502
8.17  Using Three Different Values of MLCC Capacitors on the Board     507
8.18  Optimizing the Values of Three Capacitors     511
8.19  The Frequency Domain Target Impedance Method (FDTIM) for Selecting Capacitor Values and the Minimum Number of Capacitors     514
8.20  Selecting Capacitor Values with the FDTIM     516
8.21  When the On-Die Capacitance Is Large and Package Lead Inductance Is Small     521
8.22  An Alternative Decoupling Strategy Using Controlled ESR Capacitors     527
8.23  On-Package Decoupling (OPD) Capacitors     532
8.24  Advanced Section: Impact of Multiple Chips on the Board Sharing the Same Rail     540
8.25  The Bottom Line     543
References     545
Chapter 9  Transient Currents and PDN Voltage Noise     547
9.1  What’s So Important About the Transient Current?     547
9.2  A Flat Impedance Profile, a Transient Current, and a Target Impedance     550
9.3  Estimating the Transient Current to Calculate the Target Impedance with a Flat Impedance Profile     552
9.4  The Actual PDN Current Profile Through a Die     553
9.5  Clock-Edge Current When Capacitance Is Referenced to Both Vss and Vdd     558
9.6  Measurement Example: Embedded Controller Processor     562
9.7  The Real Origin of PDN Noise—How Clock-Edge Current Drives PDN Noise     565
9.8  Equations That Govern a PDN Impedance Peak     572
9.9  The Most Important Current Waveforms That Characterize the PDN     577
9.10  PDN Response to an Impulse of Dynamic Current     579
9.11  PDN Response to a Step Change in Dynamic Current     582
9.12  PDN Response to a Square Wave of Dynamic Current at Resonance     585
9.13  Target Impedance and the Transient and AC Steady-State Responses     589
9.14  Impact of Reactive Elements, q-Factor, and Peak Impedances on PDN Voltage Noise     595
9.15  Rogue Waves     602
9.16  A Robust Design Strategy in the Presence of Rogue Waves     610
9.17  Clock-Edge Current Impulses from Switched Capacitor Loads     613
9.18  Transient Current Waveforms Composed of a Series of Clock Impulses     622
9.19  Advanced Section: Applying Clock Gating, Clock Swallowing, and Power Gating to Real CMOS Situations     629
9.20  Advanced Section: Power Gating     633
9.21  The Bottom Line     638
References     640
Chapter 10  Putting It All Together: A Practical Approach to PDN Design     643
10.1  Reiterating Our Goal in PDN Design     643
10.2  Summary of the Most Important Power Integrity Principles     645
10.3  Introducing a Spreadsheet to Explore Design Space     654
10.4  Lines 1-12: PDN Input Voltage, Current, and Target Impedance Parameters     658
10.5  Lines 13-24: 0th Dip (Clock-Edge) Noise and On-Die Parameters     661
10.6  Extracting the Mounting Inductance and Resistance     665
10.7  Analyzing Typical Board and Package Geometries for Inductance     674
10.8  The Three Loops of the PDN Resonance Calculator (PRC) Spreadsheet     677
10.9  The Performance Figures of Merit     682
10.10  Significance of Damping and q-factors     685
10.11  Using a Switched Capacitor Load Model to Stimulate the PDN     694
10.12  Impulse, Step, and Resonance Response for Three-Peak PDN: Correlation to Transient Simulation     696
10.13  Individual q-factors in Both the Frequency and Time Domains     703
10.14  Rise Time and Stimulation of Impedance Peak     710
10.15  Improvements for a Three-Peak PDN: Reduced Loop Inductance of the Bandini Mountain and Selective MLCC Capacitor Values     718
10.16  Improvements for a Three-Peak PDN: A Better SMPS Model     722
10.17  Improvements for a Three-Peak PDN: On-Package Decoupling (OPD) Capacitors     724
10.18  Transient Response of the PDN: Before and After Improvement     731
10.19  Re-examining Transient Current Assumptions     736
10.20  Practical Limitations: Risk, Performance, and Cost Tradeoffs     739
10.21  Reverse Engineering the PDN Features from Measurements     740
10.22  Simulation-to-Measurement Correlation     747
10.23  Summary of the Simulated and Measured PDN Impedance and Voltage Features     754
10.24  The Bottom Line     757
References     759
Index     761

Updates

Submit Errata

More Information

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020