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Java Rules
- By Douglas Dunn
- Published Oct 10, 2001 by Addison-Wesley Professional.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
Description
- Copyright 2002
- Edition: 1st
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-201-70916-3
- ISBN-13: 978-0-201-70916-2
Detailed yet accessible, Java™ Rules is a comprehensive reference for the application programmer who needs to master the intricacies of the Java™ programming language. Thoroughly describing the core of the Java programming language and the Java™ virtual machine (JVM™), Java™ Rules makes it possible for programmers to efficiently master the Java platform.
Based on the second editions of The Java™ Language Specification and The Java™ Virtual Machine Specification, Java™ Rules presents a subset of those specifications in a gentle tutorial style. From platform basics to APIs, this encyclopedic guidebook reveals every facet of the language--including previously undocumented features. Throughout the book, practical tutorials are supported with official language documentation or with insights shared by respected leaders. The book's unique format and conversational style are ideally suited for experienced programmers seeking a short path to language proficiency.
As both a tutorial and detailed reference, this volume of Java™ Rules covers:
- Lexical structure, escape sequences, and positional notation systems
- The anatomy of a compilation unit
- The five kinds of classes and interfaces
- Containment and inner class hierarchies (versus inheritance hierarchies)
- The static modifier, this and super
- Primitive data types and Object
- Strings and other common data types
- Arrays and the Collections Framework
With Java™ Rules in hand, both novices and experienced programmers can quickly master the language.
0201709163B10162001
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Table of Contents
Preface.
About This Book.
A Java Tradition.
1. Lexical Structure.
Introduction.
White Space.
Indenting.
Comments.
Commenting Out Large Blocks of Code.
Identifiers.
Java Naming Conventions.
Keywords.
Literals.
Character Literals.
Escape Sequences.
String Literals.
Numeric Literals.
Class Literals.
Separators.
Operators.
2. Compilation Units.
Introduction.
The Terminology of Class Body Declarations.
The Definition of Fields in Java.
Recognizing Constructors in Source Code.
Anatomy of a Compilation Unit.
Special Initialization Methods.
The Significance of Textual Order.
Limit of One “public” Package Member.
Package Declarations.
Package Names.
The Members of a Package.
Using the SDK to Develop Packages.
Import Declarations.
Automatic Imports.
Redundant Imports.
Importing Nested Classes of All Sorts (Top-Level or Inner).
How Import Declarations are Used by a Compiler.
The Efficiency of Type-Import-on-Demand Declarations.
Type Declarations.
Class Type Declarations.
Interface Type Declarations.
The Definition of Top-Level Classes.
Helper Classes are Not Fundamentally Different.
Technical Arguments Against the Use of Helper Classes.
The Five Kinds of Classes and Interfaces.
“Public” Top-Level Classes.
Non-“public” Member Classes.
Local and Anonymous Classes.
Nested Interfaces.
Choosing Which Kind of Class to Use.
From “VectorEnumerator” to an Anonymous Class.
The Rationale for Containment and Inner Class Hierarchies.
Containment and Inner Class Hierarchies.
Containment Hierarchies.
Inner Class Hierarchies.
3. The “static” Modifier, “this,” and “super”.
Introduction.
The “static” Modifier.
“static” Fields.
“static” Methods.
“static” Classes.
The Definition of “static” Context.
The “static” Context in an Inner Class Hierarchy.
The “this” and “super” Keywords.
The Current Object (“this”).
The Direct Superclass (“super”).
Practical Uses of the “this” and “super” Keywords.
Using “super” to Reference Members in Different Packages.
Multiple Current Instances (a.k.a. Levels).
A Note About Deeply Nested Types.
Qualifying the “this” Keyword.
Qualifying the “new” Keyword.
Qualifying the “super” Keyword.
4. Primitive Data Types and Object.
Introduction.
The Definition of Data Types.
Data Type as a Set of Values.
The Object-Oriented Definition of Type.
Numeric Data Types.
Integral Types.
Floating-Point Types.
Understanding the Floating-Point Types.
The “char” Data Type.
The “boolean” Data Type.
The “null” Type.
The “Number” Class.
The “java.math” Package.
The “BigInteger” Class.
The “BigDecimal” Class.
Currency Calculations.
Inexact Results and Comparison Operators.
Rounding the Result of a Floating-Point Operation.
Using Integral Types to Store Monetary Values.
Primitive Type Wrapper Classes.
Parsing Strings for Primitive Type Values.
Converting Primitive Numeric Types to Strings.
Bit Pattern Manipulation.
Accessing Primitive Type System Properties.
Unicode Utility Methods.
The “Object” Class.
Reference Equality Versus the Equivalence Relationship.
Understanding Hash Tables.
The Five Housekeeping Methods.
The Comparison Methods.
What is Default Ordering?
What is Natural Ordering?
Reverse Order (or Descending) Sorts.
Sorting By More Than One Field.
The “Comparable” Interface.
The “Comparator” Interface.
5. Strings and Other Common Data Types.
Introduction.
Would-Be Mutator Methods.
The Length of a “String” or “StringBuffer”.
The Capacity of a “StringBuffer”.
Ensuring the Capacity of a “StringBuffer”.
“String” Indices.
Right-Open Intervals in “String” and “StringBuffer”.
Checked Exceptions in String and “StringBuffer”.
The “String” Class.
Case Mappings.
Comparing Strings.
Accessing Individual Characters or Substrings.
“char[]” to “String” Conversions and Vice Versa.
Translating Locally Encoded Strings.
Miscellaneous Methods in the “String” Class.
Unusual Constructors in the “String” Class.
The “StringBuffer” Class.
The Overloaded insert and append Methods.
Other Methods in the “StringBuffer” Class.
Other String-Related Classes.
The “StringCharacterIterator” Class.
The “StringReader” and “StringWriter” Classes.
Lexical Analysis.
The “BreakIterator” Class.
The “StringTokenizer” Class.
The “StreamTokenizer” Class.
String Concatenation Operations.
A Note about the Overloaded Binary + Operator.
Implicit String Conversions.
The Intern Mechanism.
Shared Character Buffers.
Displaying Diagnostic Messages on the Console.
Standard I/O.
The “print” and “println” Methods.
The Locale” Class.
The Default Locale.
Supported Locales.
The “Date” Class.
Date Comparisons.
The “GregorianCalendar” Class.
Instantiating the “GregorianCalendar” Class.
The Inconsistent Field Rule.
The Maximum DAY_OF_MONTH Rule.
Date and Time Fields in the Calendar Class.
Standard Default Values for Date and Time Fields.
Normalizing Date and Time Fields.
Date and Time Field Manipulation Methods.
The “TimeZone” Class.
Understanding the Difference between i18n and l10n.
The Localization of Common Data Types.
Formatting Numbers.
Formatting Dates and Times.
6. Arrays and The Collections Framework.
Introduction.
Array, Component, and Element Types.
Arrays.
The Canonical Form of the “for” Loop.
Array Classes Are Dynamically Created.
The Members of an Array Type.
Array Type Variable Declarations.
Initializing Array Type Variables.
Array Access Expressions.
A Bridge over Troubled Waters (the “toArray” Methods).
Untyped References versus Parameterized Types.
What Is Run-Time Type?
Time Complexities (or Big-O Notation).
Constant Time Operations.
Amortized Constant Time.
Logarithmic Time.
Linear Time.
Quadratic Time.
The Equivalence Relationship and Elements.
Duplicate Elements.
Using Mutable Objects as Elements in a “Set” or Keys in a “Map”.
The Collections Framework.
Bulk Operations.
The Principle of Maximum Generality.
The “Collection” Interface.
The Map Interface.
Housekeeping Methods for Containers.
General-Purpose Implementations.
Choosing a General-Purpose Implementation.
Performance Tuning the General-Purpose Implementations.
Special-Purpose Implementations.
“WeakHashMap”.
Views.
Synchronized Views.
Unmodifiable Views.
Range Views (Sublists, Subsets, and Submaps).
Collection Views of a Map.
List View of an Array.
Iterators.
List Iterators.
Using Collection Views to Iterate over a Map.
A Poor Man's Collection.
Synchronized Iterators.
Fail-Fast Iterators.
Iterating Backwards Through a “TreeSet” or “TreeMap”.
Al-Khwarizmi Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning.
Utility Methods for “Arrays” and Other “Collections”.
Sorting Containers.
Searching.
Cloning versus Copying a Container.
Shuffling.
Filling.
The Minimum and Maximum Elements.
Convenience Implementations.
An “equals” Method for Arrays.
Custom Implementations of the Core Collection Interfaces.
Abstract Implementations.
Optional Operations.
Restricted Containers.
Standard Constructors.
Multimaps and Multidimensional Arrays.
Multimaps.
Multidimensional Arrays.
Legacy Containers.
Index. 0201709163T10162001
Preface
This book has been under continuous development for over five years, since shortly after the JDK 1.0 release in 1995.
Married to the Java SpecificationsThis book is based on the Java Language Specification (JLS). In fact, I started out to write what I regarded as The Java Language Specification for Application Programmers. Shortly thereafter, however, I realized that material from The Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) would have to be included as well. This work has grown to include everything of interest to mainstream business application programmers in a host of Java specifications, including the second editions of both the JLS and the JVMS.
The Target AudienceThe main difference between the specifications and this book is the target audience. The JVMS is, of course, written for someone who wants to implement a JVM. What is not as generally understood is that the JLS is a grammar primarily intended for someone who wants to write a Java compiler, such as the jikes compiler team at IBM. Thus, it includes a lot of material that is of interest only to programmers who make a living in the arcane world of compilers. That is truly unfortunate because the JLS contains a wealth of information of interest to application programmers that rarely makes it into mainstream Java books. The same can be said of the JVMS. This book extracts all of that information, elaborates upon it where necessary, and presents it in a technical writing style appropriate for mainstream business application programmers.
Mainstream business application programmers are the target audience. By that I mean working programmers, most of whom will be found in corporations outside of Silicon Valley. They are experienced professionals who need to learn the language at a professional level in the first pass. This requires a serious and dedicated focus on the part of the reader. Mainstream business application programmers have that focus. They bring to the subject years of experience and a strong motivation to learn.
More generally, this book is for any programmer who wants to truly master the basics of the Java programming language. While formalism and stylistic norms forbid me from including students in the target audience, I firmly believe that these books can be profitably used to teach the Java programming language (if not as the primary text, then as an auxiliary reference work).
0201709163P10162001
Index
- Symbols
- " (quotation mark) 27
- $ (dollar sign) 11
- % (percent sign) 446
- + (plus sign) 30
- + operator 369
- += operator 362
- , (comma) 42
- . (period) 42
- ; (semicolon) 42
- = = (reference equality operator) 260-262
- ? (question mark) 446
- \ (backslash) 27
- _ (underscore) 11
- ' (apostrophe) 27 Numerics
- 32-bit pointers 181
- 64-bit pointers 181
- 64-bit systems 181 A
- abnormal program termination 389-390
- absolute endpoints 583
- absolute pathname 81
- abstract implementations 629-632
- abstract keyword 15
- abstract method modifiers 99
- abstract modifiers 95
- AbstractCollection class 632-633
- AbstractList class 633-635
- clear() method in 634
- remove-Range(int fromIndex, int to-Index) method in 634
- See also classes
- AbstractMap class 636-637
- AbstractMethodError 69
- AbstractSequentialList class 635-636
- AbstractSet class 632-633
- accessor methods 300
- in ResourceBundle class 430
- public 237
- acute accent 353
- add rule 424
- add(BigDecimal val) method 225
- add(BigInteger val) method 222
- add(First Object o) method 541
- add(int field, int value) method 415, 416
- add(int index Object element) method 519
- add(Object o) method 494, 500
- description of 511, 592
- in LinkedList Iterator 494
- in Set interface 499
- addAll(Collection c) method 505, 511
- addAll(int index, Collection c) method 495, 519
- addAll(Map t) method 586
- addition operations 370
- addLast(Object o) method 541
- Albania 403
- Albanian language 399, 403
- Algeria 400
- algorithms 465, 610
- Al-Khwarizmi, Mohammed ibn-Musa 610
- alphabet 36
- AM_PM field 409, 417
- default symbol 454
- amortized constant time 491, 493-495
- anonymous classes 112
- as optional class bodies 121
- orphaned 137
- using 126-128
- vs. local classes 121-123
- See also classes
- API (application programming interface) 483
- apostrophe (') 27
- append methods 340
- <applet> tag 42
- application programming interface (API) 483
- application programs 94
- performance optimizations of 472-473
- applyPattern(String pattern) method 436, 442-445, 457
- Arabic language 398, 400
- Arabic system 34
- arbitrary precision 191
- Argentina 401
- argument expressions 148
- ArithmeticException 69
- Armenian script 246
- array access expressions 481
- general form of 481
- subexpressions 481
- Array class
- binary search methods in 614-616
- compareTo(Object o) method in 301
- creating 474-475
- sort algorithms in 314
- sort methods in 612
- view method in 587
- array creation expressions 479-480
- general form of 479
- array index expressions 482-483
- array initializers 478-479
- array reference expressions 481
- array type 466
- descriptors 475
- members of 475
- array type variables 464
- declarations 476-478
- initializing 478
- array variables 464
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 69, 325, 482, 518
- ArrayList class
- add methods in 494
- constant time operations in 494
- element shifting in 538-539, 622
- ensureCapacity (int minimumCapacity) method in 365-366, 555-557, 628
- get(int index) method in 482, 493, 534
- get(Object o) method in 468
- vs. LinkedList class 532-537
- performance tuning in 555-557
- RangeCheck() method in 577
- set(int index, Object element) method in 534
- trimToSize() method in 555
- See also arrays
- See also classes
- arrays 467-470
- array type 466
- binary searches of 615-618
- char [ ] 334-336
- compile-time type checking of 469
- component type 466
- components 466
- automatic initialization of 480-481
- copying 621-622
- element type 466-467
- equals(Object o) method for 628
- fixed length of 468
- initializers 478-479
- interoperability of 468
- list view of 587
- local variable 472
- modifiable components 468
- multidimensional 650-652
- one-dimensional 479
- resizable 468
- sorting 612
- speed of 468
- two-dimensional 479
- unnamed variables in 466
- Arrays.asList(Object[ ] a) method 570
- ArrayStoreException 69, 469, 485
- ASCII character set 22
- asList(Object[ ] a) method 587
- assignment operations 33
- asymmetric difference 506
- asymmetric set difference 512
- Australia 401
- Austria 400
- automatic imports 66-67, 88 B
- backing containers 564-566
- modCount in 600
- structural modifications of 606
- backslash (\) 27
- backspace 24
- bag 514
- Bahrain 400
- balanced binary trees 546
- balanceTree(Node node) method 494
- base class 255
- base point 34
- base-of-all-classes. See Object class
- basic containers 632
- basic iterators 632
- basic operations 630-631
- beginIndex value 332
- Belarus 400
- Belgium 402
- BigDecimal class 223-224
- comparison operators for 229- 230, 300-301
- in currency calculations 233-235
- in java.math.package 199
- printing the values of floating-point types using 199
- rounding modes 226-229
- scale of 224-226
- See also classes
- BigDecimal(double val) constructor 224
- BigInteger class 222, 223
- Big-O notation 490-493
- binary data 350
- binary names 11
- binary operators 43, 369
- binary point 34
- binary searches 614
- of arrays 615-618
- of random access lists 615-618
- binary strings 241-243
- binary system 34
- binary trees 490, 546
- balanced 546
- binarySearch method 615-618
- return value for 617
- bit patterns 243
- of exponents 208
- BitPattern utility class 207
- bitwise copy 295
- Bokmål dialect 393
- Bolivia 401
- Boolean class 68
- boolean data type 19, 220
- boolean keyword 15
- Boolean literals 220
- boolean methods 333
- Boolean(String s) constructor 239
- booleanValue() accessor method 237
- bounds check 482
- <BR> tag 25
- brackets 476
- Brazil 402
- break keyword 15
- BreakIterator class 347-352
- iterating over glyph boundaries 353-354
- iterating over sentence boundaries 356
- iterating over word boundaries 354-356
- line wrapping 356
- See also classes
- breaks. See text boundaries
- buckets 268
- buffer sharing 368
- BufferedWriter class
- newLine() method in 26
- OutPutStream in 387
- built-in data types 178
- Bulgaria 400
- Bulgarian language 398, 400
- bulk operations 503-507
- result type of 505
- and set theory 506
- Byelorussian language 398, 400
- Byte class 68, 374
- byte keyword 15
- bytecodes 150
- byteValue() accessor method 237
- byvalue keyword 16 C
- C programming language 20
- type system in 489
- C++ programming language 20
- C0 control characters 22-24
- cached hash code optimization 275
- Calendar class 406
- date fields in 416-419
- inconsistent information policy in 413-414
- methods in