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Foundations of Modern Networking is a comprehensive, unified survey of modern networking technology and applications for today’s professionals, managers, and students. Dr. William Stallings offers clear and well-organized coverage of five key technologies that are transforming networks: Software-Defined Networks (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), Quality of Experience (QoE), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloudbased services.
Dr. Stallings reviews current network ecosystems and the challenges they face–from Big Data and mobility to security and complexity. Next, he offers complete, self-contained coverage of each new set of technologies: how they work, how they are architected, and how they can be applied to solve real problems. Dr. Stallings presents a chapter-length analysis of emerging security issues in modern networks. He concludes with an up-to date discussion of networking careers, including important recent changes in roles and skill requirements.
Coverage:
Key Features:
Foundations of Modern Networking: Background and Motivation of Software-Defined Networks (SDN)
Download the sample pages (includes Chapter 3 and Index)
Preface xxi
PART I MODERN NETWORKING 3
Chapter 1: Elements of Modern Networking 4
1.1 The Networking Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Example Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Global Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Typical Network Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Applications of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ethernet Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Applications of Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Wi-Fi Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 4G/5G Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
First Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Second Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Third Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fifth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Cloud Computing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Benefits of Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cloud Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Cloud Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7 Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Things on the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Layers of the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8 Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.9 Unified Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.10 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 2: Requirements and Technology 38
2.1 Types of Network and Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Elastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Inelastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Real-Time Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Demand: Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Mobile Traffic . . . . . . 45
Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3 Requirements: QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elements of a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Effects of Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Congestion Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Network Functions Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Modern Networking Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
PART II SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS 75
Chapter 3: SDN: Background and Motivation 76
3.1 Evolving Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Demand Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Supply Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Traffic Patterns Are More Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Traditional Network Architectures are Inadequate . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2 The SDN Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
SDN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3 SDN- and NFV-Related Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Standards-Developing Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Industry Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Open Development Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 4: SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow 92
4.1 SDN Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Data Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Data Plane Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 OpenFlow Logical Network Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Flow Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Flow Table Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Use of Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Group Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3 OpenFlow Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 5: SDN Control Plane 112
5.1 SDN Control Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Control Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Southbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2 ITU-T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3 OpenDaylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
OpenDaylight Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
OpenDaylight Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4 REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
REST Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Example REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.5 Cooperation and Coordination Among Controllers . . . . . . . . 133
Centralized Versus Distributed Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
High-Availability Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Federated SDN Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Border Gateway Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Routing and QoS Between Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Using BGP for QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
IETF SDNi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
OpenDaylight SNDi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 6: SDN Application Plane 144
6.1 SDN Application Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Network Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.2 Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Abstractions in SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Frenetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.3 Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
PolicyCop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.4 Measurement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
OpenDaylight DDoS Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.6 Data Center Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Big Data over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Cloud Networking over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.7 Mobility and Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.8 Information-Centric Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Use of an Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
PART III VIRTUALIATION 175
Chapter 7: Network Functions Virtualization: Concepts and Architecture 176
7.1 Background and Motivation for NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Virtual Machine Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Architectural Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Container Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3 NFV Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Simple Example of the Use of NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
NFV Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
High-Level NFV Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
NFV Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
NFV Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5 NFV Reference Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 8: NFV Functionality 198
8.1 NFV Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Container Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Deployment of NFVI Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Logical Structure of NFVI Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Compute Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hypervisor Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Infrastructure Network Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.2 Virtualized Network Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
VNF Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
VNFC to VNFC Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
VNF Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.3 NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Virtualized Infrastructure Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Virtual Network Function Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
NFV Orchestrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Element Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
OSS/BSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.4 NFV Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Architectural Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Service-Oriented Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.5 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 9: Network Virtualization 230
9.1 Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
The Use of Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Defining VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Communicating VLAN Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Nested VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.2 OpenFlow VLAN Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9.3 Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
IPsec VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
MPLS VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
9.4 Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
A Simplified Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Network Virtualization Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Benefits of Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9.5 OpenDaylight's Virtual Tenant Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9.6 Software-Defined Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Software-Defined Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
SDI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.7 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
9.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
PART IV DEFINING AND SUPPORTING USER NEEDS 265
Chapter 10: Quality of Service 266
10.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
10.2 QoS Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Management Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
10.3 Integrated Services Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
ISA Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
ISA Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
ISA Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Queuing Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
10.4 Differentiated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
DiffServ Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
DiffServ Configuration and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Per-Hop Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Default Forwarding PHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10.5 Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10.6 IP Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10.7 OpenFlow QoS Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Queue Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
10.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
10.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Chapter 11: QoE: User Quality of Experience 300
11.1 Why QoE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Online Video Content Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2 Service Failures Due to Inadequate QoE Considerations . . . . . 304
11.3 QoE-Related Standardization Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
11.4 Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Definition of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Definition of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Quality Formation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
11.5 QoE Strategies in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
The QoE/QoS Layered Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Summarizing and Merging the QoE/QoS Layers . . . . . . . . . 310
11.6 Factors Influencing QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.7 Measurements of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Subjective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Objective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
End-User Device Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Summarizing the QoE Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.8 Applications of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
11.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Chapter 12: Network Design Implications of QoS and QoE 322
12.1 Classification of QoE/QoS Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . 323
Black-Box Media-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . 323
Glass-Box Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . 325
Gray-Box QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Tips for QoS/QoE Mapping Model Selection . . . . . . . . . . . 327
12.2 IP-Oriented Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . 327
Network Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . . . 328
Application Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . 328
12.3 Actionable QoE over IP-Based Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The System-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Service-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 331
12.4 QoE Versus QoS Service Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
QoS Monitoring Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
QoE Mo
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Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.
Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.
This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.
This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.
Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.
This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.
Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that
Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.
If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.
Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.
Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.
While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.
California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.
Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:
This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.
Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.
We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.
Last Update: November 17, 2020