Home > Store

Data Structures & Algorithms in Python

Register your product to gain access to bonus material or receive a coupon.

Data Structures & Algorithms in Python

Best Value Purchase

Book + eBook Bundle

  • Your Price: $79.44
  • List Price: $136.98
  • Includes EPUB and PDF
  • About eBook Formats
  • This eBook includes the following formats, accessible from your Account page after purchase:

    ePub EPUB The open industry format known for its reflowable content and usability on supported mobile devices.

    Adobe Reader PDF The popular standard, used most often with the free Acrobat® Reader® software.

    This eBook requires no passwords or activation to read. We customize your eBook by discreetly watermarking it with your name, making it uniquely yours.

More Purchase Options

Book

  • Your Price: $55.99
  • List Price: $69.99
  • Usually ships in 24 hours.

eBook

  • Your Price: $53.59
  • List Price: $66.99
  • Includes EPUB and PDF
  • About eBook Formats
  • This eBook includes the following formats, accessible from your Account page after purchase:

    ePub EPUB The open industry format known for its reflowable content and usability on supported mobile devices.

    Adobe Reader PDF The popular standard, used most often with the free Acrobat® Reader® software.

    This eBook requires no passwords or activation to read. We customize your eBook by discreetly watermarking it with your name, making it uniquely yours.

Description

  • Copyright 2023
  • Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
  • Pages: 928
  • Edition: 1st
  • Book
  • ISBN-10: 0-13-485568-X
  • ISBN-13: 978-0-13-485568-4

LEARN HOW TO USE DATA STRUCTURES IN WRITING HIGH PERFORMANCE PYTHON PROGRAMS AND ALGORITHMS

This practical introduction to data structures and algorithms can help every programmer who wants to write more efficient software. Building on Robert Lafore's legendary Java-based guide, this book helps you understand exactly how data structures and algorithms operate. You'll learn how to efficiently apply them with the enormously popular Python language and scale your code to handle today's big data challenges.

Throughout, the authors focus on real-world examples, communicate key ideas with intuitive, interactive visualizations, and limit complexity and math to what you need to improve performance. Step-by-step, they introduce arrays, sorting, stacks, queues, linked lists, recursion, binary trees, 2-3-4 trees, hash tables, spatial data structures, graphs, and more. Their code examples and illustrations are so clear, you can understand them even if you're a near-beginner, or your experience is with other procedural or object-oriented languages.

  • Build core computer science skills that take you beyond merely writing code
  • Learn how data structures make programs (and programmers) more efficient
  • See how data organization and algorithms affect how much you can do with today's, and tomorrow's, computing resources
  • Develop data structure implementation skills you can use in any language
  • Choose the best data structure(s) and algorithms for each programming problemand recognize which ones to avoid

Data Structures & Algorithms in Python is packed with examples, review questions, individual and team exercises, thought experiments, and longer programming projects. It's ideal for both self-study and classroom settings, and either as a primary text or as a complement to a more formal presentation.

Downloads

Downloads

Please register your book to gain access to the source code download files.

Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

Binary Trees

Sample Pages

Download the sample pages (includes Chapter 8)

Table of Contents

1 Overview  . . . 1

What Are Data Structures and Algorithms?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Overview of Data Structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Overview of Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Some Definitions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Programming in Python.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Object-Oriented Programming.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2 Arrays  . . . 29

The Array Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Using Python Lists to Implement the Array Class.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

The OrderedArray Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Binary Search.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Python Code for an OrderedArray Class.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Logarithms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Storing Objects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Big O Notation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Why Not Use Arrays for Everything?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3 Simple Sorting  . . . 75

How Would You Do It?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Bubble Sort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Selection Sort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Insertion Sort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Comparing the Simple Sorts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

4 Stacks and Queues  . . . 103

Different Structures for Different Use Cases.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Stacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Queues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Priority Queues.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Parsing Arithmetic Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5 Linked Lists . . .  157

Links.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

The LinkedList Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

A Simple Linked List.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Double-Ended Lists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Linked List Efficiency.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Abstract Data Types and Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Ordered Lists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Doubly Linked Lists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Insertion and Deletion at the Ends.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Insertion and Deletion in the Middle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Doubly Linked List as Basis for Deques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Circular Lists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Iterators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6 Recursion  . . . 229

Triangular Numbers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Factorials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Anagrams.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

A Recursive Binary Search.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

The Tower of Hanoi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Sorting with mergesort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Eliminating Recursion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Some Interesting Recursive Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

7 Advanced Sorting  . . . 285

Shellsort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Partitioning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Quicksort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Radix Sort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Timsort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

8 Binary Trees . . .  335

Why Use Binary Trees?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Tree Terminology.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

An Analogy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

How Do Binary Search Trees Work?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Finding a Node.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Inserting a Node.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Traversing the Tree.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Finding Minimum and Maximum Key Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Deleting a Node.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

The Efficiency of Binary Search Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Trees Represented as Arrays.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Printing Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Duplicate Keys.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

The BinarySearchTreeTester.py Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

The Huffman Code.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

9 2-3-4 Trees and External Storage  . . . 401

Introduction to 2-3-4 Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

The Tree234 Visualization Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Python Code for a 2-3-4 Tree.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Efficiency of 2-3-4 Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

2-3 Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

External Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

10 AVL and Red-Black Trees 463 Our Approach to the Discussion.. . . 463

Balanced and Unbalanced Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

AVL Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

The Efficiency of AVL Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Red-Black Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Using the Red-Black Tree Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Experimenting with the Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Rotations in Red-Black Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Inserting a New Node.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Deletion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

The Efficiency of Red-Black Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

2-3-4 Trees and Red-Black Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Red-Black Tree Implementation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

11 Hash Tables 525 Introduction to Hashing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Open Addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Separate Chaining.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Hash Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

Hashing Efficiency.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Hashing and External Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

12 Spatial Data Structures 597 Spatial Data.. . . . . .. . . . . .  . . . . . . 597

Computing Distances Between Points.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Circles and Bounding Boxes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Searching Spatial Data.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

Lists of Points.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Grids.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Quadtrees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Theoretical Performance and Optimizations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Practical Considerations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Further Extensions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

13 Heaps 665 Introduction to Heaps.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 666

The Heap Visualization Tool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

Python Code for Heaps.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

A Tree-Based Heap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

Heapsort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Order Statistics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

14 Graphs 705 Introduction to Graphs.. . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

Traversal and Search.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

Minimum Spanning Trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Topological Sorting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Connectivity in Directed Graphs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

15 Weighted Graphs  . . . 767

Minimum Spanning Tree with Weighted Graphs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

The All-Pairs Shortest-Path Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Efficiency.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

Intractable Problems.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Questions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806

Experiments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

Programming Projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

16 What to Use and Why 813 Analyzing the Problem.. . . . . .  . . . . . 814

Foundational Data Structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

Special-Ordering Data Structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

Sorting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

Specialty Data Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

External Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Onward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

A Running the Visualizations  . . . 833

B Further Reading . . .  841

C Answers to Questions  . . . 845

9780134855684, TOC, 8/3/2022

Updates

Updates & Corrections

For updates on the book and to contact the authors with questions, comments, errata, or other topics, please visit https://datastructures.live.

Submit Errata

More Information

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020