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Cisco Networking Academy Connecting Networks Companion Guide: Connecting to the WAN
Cisco Networking Academy Connecting Networks Companion Guide: Hierarchical Network Design
Cisco Networking Academy Connecting Networks Companion Guide: Point-to-Point Connections
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Download the sample pages (includes Chapters 1-3 and Index)
Table of Contents
Introduction xix
Chapter 1: Hierarchical Network Designs 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 2
Hierarchical Network Design Overview (1.1) 2
Enterprise Network Campus Design (1.1.1) 2
Network Requirements (1.1.1.1) 3
Structured Engineering Principles (1.1.1.2) 4
Hierarchical Network Design (1.1.2) 4
Network Hierarchy (1.1.2.1) 4
The Access Layer (1.1.2.2) 6
The Distribution Layer (1.1.2.3) 7
The Core Layer (1.1.2.4) 9
Two-Tier Collapsed Core Design (1.1.2.5) 10
Cisco Enterprise Architecture (1.2) 10
Modular Design (1.2.1.1) 11
Modules in the Enterprise Architecture (1.2.1.2) 12
Cisco Enterprise Architecture Model (1.2.2) 14
Cisco Enterprise Architecture Model (1.2.2.1) 14
Cisco Enterprise Campus (1.2.2.2) 15
Cisco Enterprise Edge (1.2.2.3) 17
Service Provider Edge (1.2.2.4) 18
Remote Functional Area (1.2.2.5) 21
Enterprise Branch 21
Enterprise Teleworker 22
Enterprise Data Center 22
Evolving Network Architectures (1.3) 22
IT Challenges (1.3.1.1) 22
Emerging Enterprise Architectures (1.3.1.2) 23
Emerging Network Architectures (1.3.2) 24
Cisco Borderless Networks (1.3.2.1) 24
Collaboration Architecture (1.3.2.2) 25
Data Center and Virtualization (1.3.2.3) 26
Expanding the Network (1.3.2.4) 27
Summary (1.4) 29
Practice 30
Class Activities 30
Packet Tracer Activities 30
Check Your Understanding Questions 31
Chapter 2: Connecting the WAN 35
Objectives 35
Key Terms 35
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 37
WAN Technologies Overview (2.1) 37
Why a WAN? (2.1.1.1) 37
Are WANs Necessary? (2.1.1.2) 38
Evolving Networks (2.1.1.3) 39
Small Office (2.1.1.4) 39
Campus Network (2.1.1.5) 40
Branch Networks (2.1.1.6) 42
Distributed Network (2.1.1.7) 43
WAN Operations (2.1.2) 44
WANs in the OSI Model (2.1.2.1) 44
Common WAN Terminology (2.1.2.2) 45
WAN Devices (2.1.2.3) 47
Circuit-Switched Networks (2.1.2.4) 48
Packet-Switched Networks (2.1.2.5) 50
Selecting a WAN Technology (2.2) 51
WAN Link Connection Options (2.2.1.1) 51
Service Provider Network Infrastructure (2.2.1.2) 52
Private WAN Infrastructures (2.2.2) 54
Leased Lines (2.2.2.1) 54
Dialup (2.2.2.2) 55
ISDN (2.2.2.3) 56
Frame Relay (2.2.2.4) 58
ATM (2.2.2.5) 59
Ethernet WAN (2.2.2.6) 60
MPLS (2.2.2.7) 62
VSAT (2.2.2.8) 63
Public WAN Infrastructure (2.2.3) 64
DSL (2.2.3.1) 64
Cable (2.2.3.2) 65
Wireless (2.2.3.3) 66
3G/4G Cellular (2.2.3.4) 67
VPN Technology (2.2.3.5) 68
Selecting WAN Services (2.2.4) 70
Choosing a WAN Link Connection (2.2.4.1, 2.2.4.2) 70
What Is the Purpose of the WAN? 70
What Is the Geographic Scope? 70
What Are the Traffic Requirements? 71
Summary (2.3) 73
Practice 74
Class Activities 74
Labs 74
Check Your Understanding Questions 74
Chapter 3: Point-to-Point Connections 79
Objectives 79
Key Terms 79
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 80
Serial Point-to-Point Overview (3.1) 80
Serial Communications (3.1.1) 81
Serial and Parallel Ports (3.1.1.1) 81
Serial Communication (3.1.1.2) 82
Point-to-Point Communication Links (3.1.1.3) 84
Time-Division Multiplexing (3.1.1.4) 85
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing (3.1.1.5) 86
TDM Examples — Sonet and SDM (3.1.1.6) 87
Demarcation Point (3.1.1.7) 88
DTE-DCE (3.1.1.8) 90
Serial Cables (3.1.1.9) 91
Serial Bandwidth (3.1.1.10) 94
HDLC Encapsulation (3.1.2) 96
WAN Encapsulation Protocols (3.1.2.1) 96
HDLC Encapsulation (3.1.2.2) 97
HDLC Frame Types (3.1.2.3) 98
Configuring HDLC Encapsulation (3.1.2.4) 100
Troubleshooting a Serial Interface (3.1.2.5) 100
PPP Operation (3.2) 104
Benefits of PPP (3.2.1) 104
Introducing PPP (3.2.1.1) 104
Advantages of PPP (3.2.1.2) 106
LCP and NCP (3.2.2) 106
PPP Layered Architecture (3.2.2.1) 106
PPP — Link Control Protocol (LCP) (3.2.2.2) 107
PPP — Network Control Protocol (NCP) (3.2.2.3) 108
PPP Frame Structure (3.2.2.4) 108
PPP Sessions (3.2.3) 109
Establishing a PPP Session (3.2.3.1) 110
LCP Operation (3.2.3.2) 111
LCP Packet (3.2.3.3) 113
PPP Configuration Options (3.2.3.4) 115
NCP Explained (3.2.3.5) 117
Configure PPP (3.3) 118
Configure PPP (3.3.1) 118
PPP Configuration Options (3.3.1.1) 119
PPP Basic Configuration Command (3.3.1.2) 120
PPP Compression Commands (3.3.1.3) 121
PPP Link Quality Monitoring Command (3.3.1.4) 122
PPP Multilink Commands (3.3.1.5) 123
Verifying PPP Configuration (3.3.1.6) 125
PPP Authentication (3.3.2) 126
PPP Authentication Protocols (3.3.2.1) 127
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) (3.3.2.2) 127
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) (3.3.2.3) 129
PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process (3.3.2.4) 131
Configuring PPP Authentication (3.3.2.5) 134
Configuring PPP with Authentication (3.3.2.6) 136
Troubleshoot WAN Connectivity (3.4) 138
Troubleshoot PPP (3.4.1) 138
Troubleshooting PPP Serial Encapsulation (3.4.1.1) 138
Debug PPP (3.4.1.2) 140
Troubleshooting a PPP Configuration with Authentication (3.4.1.3) 142
Summary (3.5) 145
Practice 146
Class Activities 146
Labs 146
Packet Tracer Activities 146
Check Your Understanding Questions 147
Chapter 4: Frame Relay 153
Objectives 153
Key Terms 153
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 154
Introduction to Frame Relay (4.1) 154
Benefits of Frame Relay (4.1.1) 155
Introducing Frame Relay (4.1.1.1) 155
Benefits of Frame Relay WAN Technology (4.1.1.2) 156
Dedicated Line Requirements (4.1.1.3) 157
Cost-Effectiveness and Flexibility of Frame Relay (4.1.1.4) 159
Frame Relay Operation (4.1.2) 160
Virtual Circuits (4.1.2.1) 160
Multiple Virtual Circuits (4.1.2.2) 163
Frame Relay Encapsulation (4.1.2.3) 165
Frame Relay Topologies (4.1.2.4, 4.1.2.5) 167
Frame Relay Address Mapping (4.1.2.6) 171
Local Management Interface (LMI) (4.1.2.7) 174
LMI Extensions (4.1.2.8) 175
Using LMI and Inverse ARP to Map Addresses (4.1.2.9) 178
Advanced Frame Relay Concepts (4.1.3) 180
Access Rate and Committed Information Rate (4.1.3.1) 180
Frame Relay Example (4.1.3.2) 181
Bursting (4.1.3.3) 183
Frame Relay Flow Control (4.1.3.4) 184
Configure Frame Relay (4.2) 187
Configure Basic Frame Relay (4.2.1) 187
Basic Frame Relay Configuration Commands (4.2.1.1) 187
Configuring a Static Frame Relay Map (4.2.1.2) 190
Verify a Static Frame Relay Map (4.2.1.3) 192
Configure Subinterfaces (4.2.2) 193
Reachability Issues (4.2.2.1) 193
Solving Reachability Issues (4.2.2.2) 196
Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces (4.2.2.3) 199
Example: Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces (4.2.2.4) 200
Troubleshoot Connectivity (4.3) 203
Troubleshoot Frame Relay (4.3.1) 203
Verifying Frame Relay Operation: Frame Relay Interface (4.3.1.1) 203
Verifying Frame Relay Operation: LMI Operations (4.3.1.2) 204
Verifying Frame Relay Operation: PVC Status (4.3.1.3) 205
Verifying Frame Relay Operation: Inverse ARP (4.3.1.4) 205
Troubleshooting Frame Relay Operation (4.3.1.5) 207
Summary (4.4) 209
Practice 210
Class Activities 210
Labs 210
Packet Tracer Activities 210
Check Your Understanding Questions 211
Chapter 5: Network Address Translation for IPv4 217
Objectives 217
Key Terms 217
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 218
NAT Operation (5.1) 219
NAT Characteristics (5.1.1) 219
IPv4 Private Address Space (5.1.1.1) 219
What Is NAT? (5.1.1.2) 220
NAT Terminology (5.1.1.3) 221
How NAT Works (5.1.1.5) 224
Types of NAT (5.1.2) 225
Static NAT (5.1.2.1) 225
Dynamic NAT (5.1.2.2) 226
Port Address Translation (PAT) (5.1.2.3) 227
Next Available Port (5.1.2.4) 228
Comparing NAT and PAT (5.1.2.5) 230
Benefits of NAT (5.1.3) 231
Benefits of NAT (5.1.3.1) 231
Disadvantages of NAT (5.1.3.2) 232
Configuring NAT (5.2) 233
Configuring Static NAT (5.2.1) 233
Configuring Static NAT (5.2.1.1) 233
Analyzing Static NAT (5.2.1.2) 235
Verifying Static NAT (5.2.1.3) 237
Configuring Dynamic NAT (5.2.2) 238
Dynamic NAT Operation (5.2.2.1) 238
Configuring Dynamic NAT (5.2.2.2) 239
Analyzing Dynamic NAT (5.2.2.3) 242
Verifying Dynamic NAT (5.2.2.4) 244
Configuring Port Address Translation (PAT) (5.2.3) 247
Configuring PAT: Address Pool (5.2.3.1) 247
Configuring PAT: Single Address (5.2.3.2) 249
Analyzing PAT (5.2.3.3) 251
Verifying PAT (5.2.3.4) 253
Port Forwarding (5.2.4) 255
Port Forwarding (5.2.4.1) 255
SOHO Example (5.2.4.2) 257
Configuring Port Forwarding with IOS (5.2.4.3) 258
Configuring NAT and IPv6 (5.2.5) 260
NAT for IPv6? (5.2.5.1) 260
IPv6 Unique Local Addresses (5.2.5.2) 262
NAT for IPv6 (5.2.5.3) 263
Troubleshooting NAT (5.3) 264
Troubleshooting NAT: show Commands (5.3.1.1) 264
Troubleshooting NAT: debug Command (5.3.1.2) 266
Case Study (5.3.1.3) 268
Summary (5.4) 271
Practice 272
Class Activities 272
Labs 272
Packet Tracer Activities 272
Check Your Understanding Questions 273
Chapter 6: Broadband Solutions 279
Objectives 279
Key Terms 279
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 280
Teleworking (6.1) 280
Benefits of Teleworking (6.1.1) 280
Introducing Teleworking (6.1.1.1) 281
Employer Benefits of Teleworking (6.1.1.2) 281
Community and Government Benefits (6.1.1.3) 282
Individual Benefits of Teleworking (6.1.1.4) 283
Detriments to Telework (6.1.1.5) 283
Business Requirements for Teleworker Services (6.1.2) 284
Teleworker Solution (6.1.2.1) 284
Teleworker Connectivity Requirements (6.1.2.2) 286
Comparing Broadband Solutions (6.2) 287
Cable (6.2.1) 287
What is a Cable System? (6.2.1.1) 287
Cable and the Electromagnetic Spectrum (6.2.1.2) 289
DOCSIS (6.2.1.3) 290
Cable Components (6.2.1.4) 291
DSL (6.2.2) 293
What is DSL? (6.2.2.1) 293
DSL Connections (6.2.2.2) 294
Separating Voice and Data in ADSL (6.2.2.3) 295
Broadband Wireless (6.2.3) 298
Types of Broadband Wireless Technologies (6.2.3.1, 6.2.3.2) 298
Selecting Broadband Solutions (6.2.4) 303
Comparing Broadband Solutions (6.2.4.1) 303
Configuring xDSL Connectivity (6.3) 304
PPPoE Overview (6.3.1) 304
PPPoE Motivation (6.3.1.1) 304
PPPoE Concepts (6.3.1.2) 306
Configuring PPPoE (6.3.2) 306
PPPoE Configuration (6.3.2.1) 307
Summary (6.4) 309
Practice 310
Class Activities 310
Labs 310
Check Your Understanding Questions 310
Chapter 7: Securing Site-to-Site Connectivity 313
Objectives 313
Key Terms 313
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 314
VPNs (7.1) 314
Fundamentals of VPNs (7.1.1) 314
Introducing VPNs (7.1.1.1) 315
Benefits of VPNs (7.1.1.2) 316
Types of VPNs (7.1.2) 317
Remote-Access VPNs (7.1.2.2) 318
Site-to-Site GRE Tunnels (7.2) 319
Fundamentals of Generic Routing Encapsulation (7.2.1) 319
Introduction to GRE (7.2.1.1) 319
Characteristics of GRE (7.2.1.2) 320
Configuring GRE Tunnels (7.2.2) 321
GRE Tunnel Configuration (7.2.2.1) 322
GRE Tunnel Verification (7.2.2.2) 324
Introducing IPsec (7.3) 326
Internet Protocol Security (7.3.1) 326
IPsec (7.3.1.1) 326
IPsec Security Services (7.3.1.2) 327
IPsec Framework (7.3.2) 328
Confidentiality with Encryption (7.3.2.1) 328
Encryption Algorithms (7.3.2.2) 330
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (7.3.2.3) 332
Integrity with Hash Algorithms (7.3.2.4) 332
IPsec Authentication (7.3.2.5) 334
IPsec Protocol Framework (7.3.2.6) 335
Remote Access (7.4) 337
Remote-Access VPN Solutions (7.4.1) 337
Types of Remote-Access VPNs (7.4.1.1) 337
Cisco SSL VPN (7.4.1.2) 338
Cisco SSL VPN Solutions (7.4.1.3) 340
IPsec Remote-Access VPNs (7.4.2) 341
IPsec Remote Access (7.4.2.1) 341
Cisco Easy VPN Server and Remote (7.4.2.2) 342
Cisco Easy VPN Client (7.4.2.3) 343
Comparing IPsec and SSL (7.4.2.4) 345
Summary (7.5) 347
Practice 348
Class Activities 348
Labs 348
Packet Tracer Activities 348
Check Your Understanding Questions 348
Chapter 8: Monitoring the Network 351
Objectives 351
Key Terms 351
Introduction (8.0.1.1) 352
Syslog (8.1) 352
Syslog Operation (8.1.1) 352
Introduction to Syslog (8.1.1.1) 352
Syslog Operation (8.1.1.2) 354
Syslog Message Format (8.1.1.3) 355
Service Timestamp (8.1.1.4) 357
Configuring Syslog (8.1.2) 358
Syslog Server (8.1.2.1) 358
Default Logging (8.1.2.2) 359
Router and Switch Commands for Syslog Clients (8.1.2.3) 360
Verifying Syslog (8.1.2.4) 362
SNMP (8.2) 364
SNMP Operation (8.2.1) 364
Introduction to SNMP (8.2.1.1) 364
SNMP Operation (8.2.1.2) 365
SNMP Agent Traps (8.2.1.3) 366
SNMP Versions (8.2.1.4) 368
Community Strings (8.2.1.5) 370
Management Information Base Object ID (8.2.1.6) 371
Configuring SNMP (8.2.2) 374
Steps for Configuring SNMP (8.2.2.1) 374
Verifying SNMP Configuration (8.2.2.2) 375
Security Best Practices (8.2.2.3) 378
NetFlow (8.3) 380
NetFlow Operation (8.3.1) 380
Introducing NetFlow (8.3.1.1) 380
Understanding NetFlow (8.3.1.2) 381
Network Flows (8.3.1.3) 383
Configuring NetFlow (8.3.2) 384
Verifying NetFlow (8.3.2.2) 386
Examining Traffic Patterns (8.3.3) 390
Identifying NetFlow Collector Functions (8.3.3.1) 390
NetFlow Analysis with a NetFlow Collector (8.3.3.2) 392
Summary (8.4) 397
Practice 397
Class Activities 398
Labs 398
Packet Tracer Activities 398
Check Your Understanding Questions 398
Chapter 9: Troubleshooting the Network 401
Objectives 401
Key Terms 401
Introduction (9.0.1.1) 402
Troubleshooting with a Systematic Approach (9.1) 402
Network Documentation (9.1.1) 402
Documenting the Network (9.1.1.1) 403
Network Topology Diagrams (9.1.1.2) 406
Network Baseline Performance Level (9.1.1.3) 408
Establishing a Network Baseline (9.1.1.4) 409
Measuring Data (9.1.1.5) 412
Troubleshooting Process (9.1.2) 415
General Troubleshooting Procedures (9.1.2.1) 415
Gathering Symptoms (9.1.2.2) 417
Questioning End Users (9.1.2.3) 418
Isolating the Issue Using Layered Models (9.1.3) 419
Using Layered Models for Troubleshooting (9.1.3.1) 419
Troubleshooting Methods (9.1.3.2, 9.1.3.3) 422
Guidelines for Selecting a Troubleshooting Method (9.1.3.4) 425
Network Troubleshooting (9.2) 426
Troubleshooting Tools (9.2.1) 426
Software Troubleshooting Tools (9.2.1.1, 9.2.1.2) 426
Hardware Troubleshooting Tools (9.2.1.3) 431
Using a Syslog Server for Troubleshooting (9.2.1.4) 435
Symptoms and Causes of Network Troubleshooting (9.2.2) 437
Physical Layer Troubleshooting (9.2.2.1) 437
Data Link Layer Troubleshooting (9.2.2.2) 439
Network Layer Troubleshooting (9.2.2.3) 441
Transport Layer Troubleshooting — ACLs (9.2.2.4) 443
Transport Layer Troubleshooting — NAT for IPv4 (9.2.2.5) 445
Application Layer Troubleshooting (9.2.2.6) 446
Troubleshooting IP Connectivity (9.2.3) 448
Components of Troubleshooting End-to-End Connectivity (9.2.3.1) 448
End-to-End Connectivity Problem Initiates Troubleshooting (9.2.3.2) 450
Step 1 - Verify the Physical Layer (9.2.3.3) 452
Step 2 - Check for Duplex Mismatches (9.2.3.4) 454
Step 3 - Verify Layer 2 and Layer 3 Addressing on the Local Network (9.2.3.5) 456
Step 4 - Verify Default Gateway (9.2.3.6) 461
Step 5 - Verify Correct Path (9.2.3.7) 464
Step 6 - Verify the Transport Layer (9.2.3.8) 468
Step 7 - Verify ACLs (9.2.3.9) 469
Step 8 - Verify DNS (9.2.3.10) 471
Summary (9.3) 474
Practice 475
Class Activities 475
Packet Tracer Activities 475
Check Your Understanding Questions 476
Appendix A: Answers to the “Check Your Understanding” Questions 479
Glossary 499
TOC, 9781587133329, 3/25/2014
