“The CCNA exam is difficult and I would not have passed it if I did not have this book with me. The CCNA Exam Cram is an indispensable resource that guided me from the introduction of networking fundamentals to the application of networking theories. Whether you need to learn from scratch or just need a quick reference, this book is an excellent guide that will definitely reinforce your knowledge of Cisco networking and prepare you for the CCNA.” –Vincent Gov, CCNA

In this book, you learn how to:

Develop perfect fluency in subnetting
Connect Cisco® equipment, make initial configurations, and connect to other devices to build a network
Configure Cisco routers and back up and restore your Cisco IOS® Software configurations
Explain the functions of Ethernet switching and the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Configure PPP and Frame Relay for WAN connectivity
Understand and apply wireless LAN concepts
Mitigate network security threats and secure network devices
Build scalable routed systems using dynamic routing protocols including RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF
Create VLANs and distribute VLAN information using the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
Filter traffic from one network to another with access control lists (ACL)
Understand and implement IPv6

Deploy Network Address Translation (NAT)

WRITTEN BY CCNA Experts!

Mike Valentine has been in the IT field for 12 years, focusing on network design and implementation. He is currently a Cisco trainer with Skyline Advanced Technology Services and specializes in Cisco Unified Communications instruction as well as CCNA® and CCNP® courses.

Andrew Whitaker is the director of enterprise InfoSec and networking and senior training instructor for Training Camp. He has achieved several Cisco certifications and has written on several Cisco topics.

CD features new simulation questions!

This book includes a CD-ROM that features:

Complete coverage of CCNA exam objectives
Realistic exam questions for effective practice
Detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers
Multiple exam modes
Flash Card format

An electronic copy of the book



Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

CCNA Exam Cram: Advanced Catalyst Switch Operations and Configuration

Downloadable Sample Chapter

Download the chapter

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Taking a Certification Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Tracking Your Certification Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

How to Prepare for an Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

What This Book Will Not Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

What This Book Is Designed To Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Contacting the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

CCNA in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

The Ideal CCNA Candidate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Put Yourself to the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 1:

Networking Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Components and Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

LAN Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

WAN Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Dedicated Leased Line Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Circuit-Switched Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Packet-Switched Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Cell-Switched Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Other Network Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 2:

Network Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Cisco Hierarchical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Access Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Distribution Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Core Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Advantages of the Three-Layer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Layer 7: The Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Layer 6: The Presentation Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Layer 5: The Session Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Layer 4: The Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Layer 3: The Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Layer 2: The Data Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Layer 1: The Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

TCP/IP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 3:

Concepts in IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Conversion Between Binary, Hex, and Decimal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

IP Address Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Address Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Default Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

The Network Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

The Host Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Non-Default Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

The Subnet Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Address Class and Default Mask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

The Increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Number of Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

The Broadcast ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Number of Subnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Working with Subnetting Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

The Subnetting Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 4:

Working with Cisco Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

External Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Console. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Aux Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Ethernet Port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Serial Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Other Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Connecting and Configuring Cisco Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Device Memory Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

IOS Startup Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Setup Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Configuration Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Password Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Command Line Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Command Shortcuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Context-Sensitive Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Basic Switch Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Basic Router Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Securing Routers and Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Configuring SSH Access to Your Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 5:

Managing Your Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

IOS Naming Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Back Up and Restore IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Backup and Restore Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Troubleshooting and Remote Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Secure Shell (SSH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

CDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

ICMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Chapter 6:

Basic Catalyst Switch Operations and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Bridging and Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Functions of Bridges and Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

The Differences Between Switches and Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Switching Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

STP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Chapter 7:

Introduction to Wide-Area Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Encapsulation Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Cisco HDLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

PPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Verification and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Frame Relay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Concepts and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

The Split Horizon Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Verification and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Network Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

NAT Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages of NAT . . . . . . . . 155

Static NAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Dynamic NAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

PAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter 8:

Wireless LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

WLAN Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Unlicensed Radio Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

802.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

802.11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

802.11b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

802.11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

802.11n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

WLAN Operational Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Ad Hoc Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Infrastructure Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Basic Service Set and Extended Service Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

BSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

ESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

WLAN Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

WLAN Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

WLAN Security Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

WLAN Security Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Basic WLAN Configuration Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Chapter 9:

Basic Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

The Need for Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Mitigation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Reconnaissance Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Access Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Denial of Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Common Security Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Best Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Chapter 10:

Basic Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Default Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Dynamic Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Characteristics of RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Implementing RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Verifying and Troubleshooting RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Chapter 11:

Small-Office Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Basic Configuration Using the Cisco Router and Security Device

Manager (SDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Setting Hostname, Domain, and Login Credentials . . . . . . . . . . 228

Configuring IP Addressing Using SDM Express. . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Configuring the DHCP Server Using SDM Express . . . . . . . . . 230

Setting Up the Wan Interface in SDM Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Configuring NAT Using SDM Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Firewall Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Security Configuration Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

SDM Express Configuration Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Configuring a Default Route in SDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Testing Connectivity Using the SDM Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Basic Switch Configuration Using the CLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Securing the Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Configuring a Management IP and Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . 245

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Chapter 12:

Advanced Catalyst Switch Operations and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Spanning Tree Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Root Election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

STP Communication with BPDUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Port Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Port Type Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

RSTP Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

VLAN Concepts and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

The Definition of a VLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Benefits of VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Implementing VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

VLAN Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Trunking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

ISL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

802.1Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Configuring Switches for Trunking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

VTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

VTP Switch Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

VTP Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

VTP Pruning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

VTP Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

VTP Verification and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Inter-VLAN Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Router-on-a-Stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

L3 Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Chapter 13:

IP Access Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Types of ACLs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Standard ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Extended ACLs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Named ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Configuring and Implementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Configuring Standard ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

The Wildcard Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Configuring Extended ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Filtering Telnet and SSH Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Advanced Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Configuring Named ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Using the SDM to Configure ACLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Troubleshooting and Verifying ACL Configurations . . . . . . . . . 306

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Chapter 14:

Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Characteristics of EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Implementing EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Implementing OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Chapter 15:

Wide-Area Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Encapsulation Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Cisco HDLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

PPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Verification and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Frame Relay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Concepts and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

The Split-Horizon Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Verification and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

IPsec VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

SSL VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Chapter 16:

Advanced IP Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

VLSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

Route Summarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Summarization Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Determining Summary Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

The Routing Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Administrative Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Valid Next-Hop Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Best Metric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Longest Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

IPv6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

IPv6 Address Allocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

IPv6 Address Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Types of IPv6 Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

IPv6 Address Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

IPv6 Router Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

IPv6 Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

The IPv6 Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

IPv6 Transition Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Chapter 17:

Blueprint for Connecting and Securing a Branch Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Switch Configuration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

VAN-SW-A Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Router Configuration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Router Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Practice Exam #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Hints and Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Practice Exam #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Answer Key to Practice Test #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Practice Exam #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Answer Key to Practice Test #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Appendix A:

What’s on the CD-ROM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Appendix B:

Need to Know More? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

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Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

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