Building Scalable and High-Performance Java Web Applications Using J2EE Technology

Description

• Copyright 2002
• Edition: 1st

• Book
• ISBN-10: 0-201-72956-3
• ISBN-13: 978-0-201-72956-6

Building Scalable and High-Performance Java™ Web Applications Using J2EE™ Technology provides the concise roadmap Java developers and Web engineers need to build high-performance and scalable enterprise Web applications. It is unique in its focus on building efficient end-to-end solutions based on the widely adopted J2EE specification. Each of the relevant technologies is summarized and analyzed in terms of its scalability and performance implications. Special attention is also given to those parts of Web application design that extend beyond the J2EE specification, including strategies for efficient networking and database design.

Packed with general system architecture tips and balanced with succinct examples for each technology, this book allows you to focus on practical strategies for effective application design without getting overwhelmed with useless detail. As a result, you will quickly and easily be able to understand how to use J2EE technologies to build application systems that deliver scalability and high performance.

Coverage includes:

• Essentials of Web application architecture
• The J2EE standard
• General techniques for building scalable and high-performance systems
• The HTTP protocol, with special focus on features that maximize performance
• Java™ Servlets and JavaServer Pages™ (JSP)
• Enterprise JavaBeans™ (EJB)
• Java™ Message Service (JMS)
• Effective database design techniques
• Efficient database management with JDBC™ and SQL
• Essentials of Web Services, including XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI

A CD-ROM with relevant source code from various chapters accompanies this book.

0201729563B12172001

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Table of Contents

Preface.


1. Scalable and High-Performance Web Applications.

The Emergence of Web Applications.

Some Basic Definitions.

The Nature of the Web and Its Challenges.

Performance and Scalability.

Performance.

Scalability.

The Internet Medium.

Wide Audience.

Interactive.

Dynamic.

Always On.

Integrated.

Lack of Complete Control.

Measuring Performance and Scalability.

Measuring Performance Other Types of Measurements.

Measuring Scalability.

Throughput and Price/Performance.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Think End-to-End.

Scalability Does Not Equal Performance.

Measure Scalability by Comparison.

Summary.

2. Web Application Architecture.

Web Application Terminology.

Application Requirements.

Business Logic Requirements.

Data Management Requirements.

Interface Requirements.

Web Requirements.

Network Connectivity Requirements.

Abstract Web Application Architecture.

From Client to Server: Thin-Clients and Fat-Clients.

Persistent Data Management.

N-tier Application Architecture.

The Client.

The Network.

The Server.

Tier-Based Designs.

Challenge: Efficient Middleware.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Don't Always Starve Thin Clients.

Use or Build Multithreaded Application Servers.

Find the Right Granularity.

Summary.

3. The J2EE Specification.

An Overview of the Specification.

Deployment Issues.

Packaging.

Deployment Descriptor Files.

Platform Technologies and Services.

Component Communication via the RMI-IIOP Protocol.

Transaction Management Using the Java Transaction API.

JNDI for Resource Location.

J2EE and Your Architecture.

Summary.

4. General Scalability and Performance Techniques.

Caching/Replication.

Parallelism.

Redundancy.

Asynchrony.

Resource Pooling.

Summary.

5. HTTP Client/Server Communication.

The HTTP Protocol.

Deployment Paradigms.

Applications with Browsers as Clients.

Applications without Browsers as Clients.

Efficiency of the HTTP Protocol.

HTTP Protocol Details.

Detailed Protocol Semantics.

HTTP Requests.

The GET Method.

The POST Method.

HTTP 1.1 Caching Details.

Connection Management.

Performance and Scalability Hints.

Use HTTP GET and POST Judiciously.

Consider Using HTTP for Non-Browser Clients.

Promote HTTP Response Caching.

Support Persistent Connections.

Summary.

6. Request Processing: Concepts and Strategies.

The General Problem.

Specific Challenges.

Connection Management.

Data Marshalling.

Request Servicing.

Modes of Request Processing.

Synchronous.

Asynchronous Communication.

Scalability and Performance Implications.

The Role of J2EE in Request Processing.

Web Serving.

Synchronous Processing with Java Servlets and Java Server Pages.

Asynchronous Processing with the Java Message Service.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Prefer Asynchronous Communication.

Stream Data between Threads.

Develop Remote Methods That Encourage Efficiency.

Summary.

7. Session Management with Java Servlets.

Generating Dynamic Responses.

Common Gateway Interface.

Extending the Web Server through Its API.

Redirecting the Web Server Request.

Using Servlets.

Servlets and Servlet Containers.

Interacting with a Servlet.

Web Server and Servlet Container Integration Details.

Developing Servlets.

Designing the Servlet Interface.

Coding the Servlet.

Servlet Execution.

How a Servlet Container Works.

Servlets and Multithreading.

Servlets and Session Management.

What Is Session Management?

Session Identification.

Using HTTP User Authentication.

Using Hidden Form Fields.

Using Rewritten URLs.

Using HTTP Persistent Cookies.

Using the Java Servlet Session Tracking API.

Deploying Servlets.

Session Management with Multiple Containers.

Developing Servlets with Java Server Pages.

Sample JSP Page.

The Structure of a JSP Page.

How JSP Works.

JSP Directives.

So, what is JSP... really?

Performance and Scalability Hints.

Prefer Fine-Grain Serialization.

Prefer Hardware-Based Load Balancing.

Use Servlets for Session Management, not Business Logic.

Think Twice about Using JSP.

Summary.

8. Building Application Servers with Enterprise Java Beans.

The Need for Application Servers.

Application Logic and Where to Deploy It.

Enterprise Java Beans: The J2EE Solution.

How EJBs Work.

Types of EJBs.

Example Application.

EJB Design.

Session Beans.

Entity Beans.

Message-Driven Beans.

EJB Implementation.

Bean Development Responsibilities.

Session Beans.

Entity Beans.

Message-Driven Beans.

Client/EJB Integration.

Client/EJB Communication: Behind the Scenes.

Performance and Scalability Hints.

Prefer Message-Driven Beans over Session Beans.

When You Use Session Beans, Use Stateless Session Beans.

Strive for Coarse-Grain EJB Methods.

Use BMP Well or Don't Use It at All.

Know Your Vendor.

Summary.

9. Messaging for Efficient Enterprise Application Integration.

A B2B-Style Working Example.

The Java Message Service.

JMS Concepts.

Providers.

Clients.

Messages.

Administrative Objects.

JMS Programming Models.

Model-Specific Administrative Object Interfaces.

The Synchrony of Message Consumption.

JMS Reliability versus Performance.

Client Acknowledgment.

Message Persistence.

Timing Dependencies and JMS Publishing Models.

Using JMS: An Example Pub/Sub Application.

Developing the Message Publisher.

Developing the Message Subscriber.

Towards Deployment.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Prefer Messaging—Both Inside and Out.

Understand the JMS Efficiency versus Reliability Tradeoff.

Summary.

10. Effective Database Design.

Database Technology and the Relational Model.

Relational Databases.

Logical Database Design.

Entities, Attributes, and Relationships.

Physical Database Design.

Tables and Rows.

Constraints.

Querying a Database.

Querying Data.

Nested Queries.

Join Queries.

Other Important Database Objects.

Views.

Stored Procedures.

Triggers.

Indexes.

Sequences.

Other Objects.

Query Processing.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Understand How to Use the Database.

Understand When to Use the Database.

Understand How Your Data Will Be Accessed.

Normalize Your Data Model.

Selectively Denormalize Your Model.

Use Stored Procedures.

Avoid Triggers and Other Implicit Execution.

Know Your Vendor.

Summary.

11. Using JDBC and SQL to Efficiently Query Databases.

How JDBC Fits In.

JDBC Concepts and Objects.

An Overview of Querying with JDBC.

Relevant JDBC Classes and Their Relationships.

Connecting to a Database.

Writing JDBC Queries.

Processing a Statement.

Iterating through Results.

Executing Single Updates.

Other Kinds of Updates: Creating Tables and Stored Procedures.

Beyond the Basics.

Prepared Statements.

Dynamic SQL.

Transaction Management.

Bidirectional Results Iteration.

Updateable Results.

Executing Batch Updates.

Scalability and Performance Hints.

Use Prepared Statement When Possible.

Use Batch Updates with a Remote Database.

Don't Overcommit.

Use Multithreading to Query in Parallel.

Summary.

12. Web Services: The Future of Web Applications.

What Exactly Is a Web Service?

Surveying Web Service Technologies.

A Quick Tour of the Technologies.

Putting It All Together.

XML: Self-describing Data.

DTDs and Schema Languages.

Parsing XML.

XML-Related Technologies.

Coding Web Services.

Describing Web Services with WSDL.

WSDL Definitions.

WSDL Example.

Invoking Web Services with SOAP.

How SOAP Works.

Using SOAP over HTTP.

Registering Web Services with UDDI.

UDDI Standards.

The UDDI APIs.

The Big Picture.

The Provider Perspective.

The Consumer Perspective.

Scalability and Performance Challenges.

Replicating and Load Balancing Remote Functions.

XML Parsing Performance.

Summary.

Bibliography.


Index.

Preface

When it comes to building Web applications, there are two fundamental problems. One is that there are flat-out too many choices in terms of how to develop them. These days, one can choose from literally hundreds of languages and technologies that claim to make Web application development easier. The other problem is that there is a lack of common knowledge about how to deploy them in a way that yields high performance and scalability--traits essential to anything accessible over the Internet.

Fortunately, there are now some unifying application infrastructures that not only simplify Web application development but also encourage efficient deployment. One of the most popular approaches is proposed by the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) specification. The J2EE spec leverages and extends the existing foundation of Java technology so that engineers can build Web applications that encourage high performance and scalability. One of the most compelling features of J2EE is its built-in support for key low-level platform services such as transaction management, naming, and security, each of which normally requires substantial engineering time and expertise.

Although it unifies much of Web application development and deployment, comprehending J2EE is daunting. To understand it, you need to read either the spec itself or a lot of books on each specific J2EE technology (e.g., Servlets, EJBs, and JDBC). The spec itself is dry and not meant to be a practical resource. And the problem with reading books about each technology is that they tend to be overly long--some EJB-only books exceed 1000 pages. Such books also tend to be full of irrelevant details and appendices that you don't need or could have found easily online. Finally, most of them do not address the unspoken parts of Web application design--for example, database design and networking efficiency.

Goals

Building Scalable and High-Performance Java™ Web Applications Using J2EE™ Technology was written to fill the need for an applied summary of how to build high-performance and scalable Web applications using J2EE technology. This called for a delicate balance--introduce a set of new technologies and their relationships and provide enough examples so you can actually see how things work. The objective was not to go too far overboard to produce an overly long book that lacked focus (or one that could cause injury when lifted). Thus, the goal was to produce a concise but practical summary.

We'll cover all the key elements of J2EE--the spec itself, servlets, JSP, EJBs, messaging, JDBC, and more. Along the way, there will be plenty of examples. Many will be presented with deliberate brevity, the idea being that it is better to cut to the chase of how to use a technology rather than to show so many gory details that the readers' eyes start to glaze over. As we already know, there are plenty of books that address such details. When you've decided which parts of J2EE are relevant to you, you might consult those books as a complement to this one.

In addition to being a well-rounded summary, another purpose is to fill in the holes about Web application design that the J2EE specification simply does not address. Although the specification shows how to connect different Java technologies and APIs to build an enterprise application infrastructure, it does not address related issues such as networking and database design. For example, even though the specification describes how HTTP is used to communicate with a J2EE system and how JDBC can be used to communicate to a relational database from a J2EE system, it contains no details about HTTP or relational databases. As any seasoned Web application designer knows, understanding both is critical when designing your system for high performance and scalability.

In summary, this book has the following goals:

• To define and identify the challenges associated with building scalable and high-performance Web applications.
• To provide you with a J2EE technology roadmap for designing Web applications.
• To describe concisely key J2EE technologies, emphasizing details related to high performance and scalability.
• To fill in the gaps of Web application design that the J2EE spec leaves out, such as important details related to HTTP and database design--two of the most common J2EE-related technologies.
• To demonstrate the benefits of various specific J2EE design decisions, illustrating these differences with real performance graphs and charts.

This last item is targeted at making the suggestions in this book more compelling. For example, it is only somewhat comforting to say things like "connection pooling is good," which is the approach that many books take. It is more convincing and clear if real performance charts and graphs back up these claims. This book aims to achieve that goal.

Audience

Building Scalable and High-Performance Java™ Web Applications Using J2EE™ Technology is written for any engineer or architect who is proficient with Java and wants to build Java-based Web applications for performance and scalability, but does not yet understand how J2EE can be used toward that goal or how all of its underlying technologies work.

This book is also for those who want to see beyond the J2EE spec, in particular, to consider current issues in efficient networking and database design in addition to future issues related to Web services technologies such as XML and SOAP.

Finally, this book is for those already familiar with some parts of J2EE technology (e.g., Java Servlets), but not others (e.g., the Java Message Service).

A Note about Performance Measurements

Throughout this book, there are various performance measurements and comparisons. Although the same general trends apply to nearly every architecture (because the performance trends illustrated are architecture-independent), it may be useful to list the details of the system used for testing.All tests were conducted on a Dell Latitude running a single 833 MHz Pentium III with 256 KB RAM. The operating system and application software consisted of:

• Windows 2000, Professional Edition
• Apache Web server, version 1.3.14
• Java Runtime Environment and Development Kit, version 1.3
• J2EE SDK and reference implementation, version 1.3 (Beta)
• Apache Jakarta/Tomcat servlet container, version 3.2.1
• Oracle database system, version 8.1.6

The CD-ROM

The CD-ROM that accompanies this book contains most of the source code in this book. This supplement is intended for use on Windows 95/98/NT/2000 machines running Java 1.3, the Cygwin BASH shell and accompanying utilities, and Oracle 8.1.6. For more details about the desired reference system, see the preceding list.

Using the CD-ROM is straightforward: Simply insert the disk into your CD-ROM drive and then use your Web browser to open the index.html file that resides at the top-level directory. From this initial file, you will be able to get to other parts of the included documentation, as well as the source code.

Note that to compile and run some of the source code, first you need to copy the contents of the desired directories to your local hard drive and then compile everything there. More detail about this and the requirements for compilation can be found in the top-level index.html file.

Onward!

My hope is that this book acts as an ongoing reference for you as your J2EE application evolves. You will need to continually make choices in terms of how to provide application functionality to your consumers, both individuals and other businesses. You will have to address questions like, "Do I place the business logic in the database or the application server?" and "Should our batch data transfer go through a Web server or a messaging server?" Independent of the details associated with each of these choices, you will want to enable such features in a way that promotes performance and scalability. This book will help you understand the tradeoffs, both general and specific, in Web application design that can help you achieve that goal.

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Index

Abstract application architecture, 30, 47

Abstract endpoints, 350

Abstract messaging models, 243

Abstract query plan, 287, 288

Abstract Web application architecture, 29-32

Access, programmatic, with Web services, 336

Access control, with views, 279

Access counts, city/county cache with, 69

Accessibility, 27

Access time

of cache, 69, 70

caching for reduction of, 71

AccountProcessing object, 259, 260

Activation method type, and bean instances, 194

"Active" database features, 306

Active Server Pages, 151, 175

addMember() method, 161, 166

Administered objects, 244, 253

Java Message Service, 243, 246

Administrative object interfaces, model-specific, 247

Administrators, 285

Age

and date-based validation, 107

header field, 107

Age calculation algorithm, summary of, 107

Aggregate functions, 215

Airline ticket buying

application operations associated with, 7

and performance measuring, 14

Akamai, 36, 69

Algorithms, efficiency of, 125

Almeida,V., 16

AND operator, 275

ANSI SQL/PSM standard, 280

AOL/Netscape Navigator, 4, 27

Apache, 151

Apache Server, 135

integration of, with Jakarta Tomcat servlet container, 154-156

Apache Tomcat server, 152, 154

Apache Web server, 151, 173, 184

Apache Xerces 2.0, XML parsing with, 345-348

APIs

database interfacing and choice of, 293

J2EE services and, 51, 52

servlet session tracking, 171-172

support for, by J2EE containers, 52, 54

UDDI, 360362

Apparent age, of document, 107

Applet containers, 50, 51, 191

Applets, 98, 121

Application client container, 191

Application containers, 50, 51

Application-level state, 163

Application logic, 32, 161

for counting page hits, 178

deployment of, 190-191

Application metadata, 32

Application object, 181

Application operations, 6

with airline ticket buying, 7

and performance measurement, 14

Application programming interfaces. See APIs

Application requirements, 25-27

business logic, 25-26

data management, 26

interface, 26-27

Application response

linearly scalable, 18

sample, 17

time, 20

Applications

components of, 265

employer benefits-processing sytem, 195-196

intermediate messaging services between two, 242-243

linearly scalable, 18

Application servers, 37, 189, 240

Application system, messaging opportunities within, 259-261

Architectural strategies, and application development, 21

Architecture, abstract Web application, 29-32

Argument marshalling, and local objects, 200

Ariba, 338

ASPs. See Active Server Pages

Assertions, UDDI, 361

Asynchronous client postprocessing, 258

Asynchronous communication, 128, 129-131, 147-148

caching, data locality and, 133-134

and connection management, 133

and data marshalling, 134

and highly dynamic Web page generation, 138-139

and messaging systems, 132

Asynchronous delivery of messages, 247

Asynchronous logging, 259

Asynchronous message processing, 254, 256-257

Asynchronous middleware technology, 43

Asynchronous processing

with Java Message Service, 136-137

price updates, 131

of requests, 262

Asynchronous solutions

good performance with, 261

for request processing, 137

Asynchrony, 8082, 89

AT&T, 36

ATM AAL-5, 93

Attribute accessors, 212, 214, 217

Attributes, 269

Attributes, in tables, 271

Attribute values, 215

Auctions, online, 9, 11

Authentication, 167-168. See also Security

Authentication tokens, UDDI, 362

AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE, 250

AutoFlush page directive attribute, 182, 183

Automatic report generation, 306

Bandwidth, and network connectivity, 28-29

Banking, online, 16

Banking applications, 25, 249

BankingSession

session bean remote interface (course-grained), 237

session bean remote interface (fine-grained), 236-237

Barrier.java, 82, 83, 86-87

BatchBenefitEnroller, 196

BatchBenefitEnrollerBean, 225, 226-228

Batch processing, 234

Batch updates

executing, 324-325

with remote database, 328-329

BEA

WebLogic Server, 174, 175

WebLogic suite, 49

Bean class, 204, 212

coding, 208211

BeanEnroller entity class, coding using bean-managed persistence, 219-224

Bean instances

activation of, 194

creation of, 194

destruction of, 194

passivation of, 194

relationship between clients, EJB container, and, 192, 193

Bean instantiation, 208, 210

Bean-managed persistence, 199, 202

BeanEnroller entity class coded with, 219-224

and coding entity bean class, 217

and coding home interface, 216

and coding remote interface, 215

good use of, 238-239

Bean passivation, 240

Bean persistence, methods of, 199

Benchmarking, beyond, 15-16

Benchmarks

testing of, 15

TPC-style, 20, 21

Benefit bean, 217

BenefitEnroller, 196

BenefitEnroller bean, 229, 230

BenefitEnrollerBean instance, 208

BenefitEnroller client class, 229-230

Benefit Enroller entity bean class, coding using container-managed persistence, 218-219

BenefitEnrollerHome object, 229, 230

BenefitEnroller object, 229

BenefitEnroller remote interface, 206

BenefitEnrollerRemote object, 210

BenefitEnroller session bean class, 208-211

BenefitEnroller session bean home interface, 207-208

BenefitEnroller session bean remote interface, 206-207

Benefit entity bean, 196

BenefitEntity bean home interface, 217

BenefitEntity bean remote interface, 214-215

Benefit object, 211

BenefitSession, JAR file for, 54

BenefitsManager object, 230

BENEFIT table, 214

BETWEEN operator, 275

Bidirectional communication, synchronous communication versus, 245

Bidirectional results iteration, 323-324

Binary protocols, message-based protocols versus, 92

Binary types, 271

Binding, and services, 353

Binding, in WSDL document, 351

Binding information and UDDI, 358

Bindings, with price-quoting service, 352

Blocking mode, 249

BMP. See Bean-managed persistence

Body

in HTTP requests/replies, 99

JMS message, 244, 245

Bonus histories, stored procedures for, 280-281

Boolean logic, 274

Bots, 9

Bottlenecks, 40

Bottlenecks, and triggers, 307

Boyce-Codd normal form, 294

Broadcast-based application integration models, 241

Browser cache, 33

Browser clients, Web applications with, 93-94

B2B applications. See Business-to-business applications

B2C applications. See Business-to-consumer applications

Buffer caches, sizing, 291

Buffer page directive attribute, 182, 183, 186

Bulka, D., 126

Bulk processing, and remote methods, 145

Business information, and UDDI, 358

Business logic, 25-26, 49, 190, 265

language choice for writing of, 282

replication of, 45

servlets not used for, 185-186, 187

Business rules, 265

Business-to-business applications, 28, 190, 325

Business-to-business processing, future of, 333

Business-to-business style working example, Red Planet Electronics, 241-243

Business-to-consumer applications, 28

C, 136, 282, 294

C+, 335

C++, 57, 294, 335, 340, 344

Cable modems, 28

Cache consistency, 71

problem of, 74

Cache-Control

directives, 116

fields, 114

header fields, 109-110

Caches and caching, 13, 65, 72, 88, 95, 99

Cache-control headers, 109-110

with city/county access counts, 69

for database systems, 318

data locality, 133

date-based validation, 107-108

defined, 67

dynamic GET requests, 103-105

flush policy, 68

HTTP 1.1, 106-110

I/O-bound dilemmas addressed by, 126

for reducing access time, 71

redundant, 79

and reliability, 73

and replication, 67-73

sample California city/county, 68

static GET requests, 101-103

tag-based validation, 108-109

Caching benefit equation, tradeoff in, 70

calculateNewSalary() method, 62

CallableStatement, 314

CallableStatement objects, 311

Capable applications, 27

Cardinality, 270

Carnegie Mellon University, 36

Cascading Style Sheets, 26, 27

Cell phones, 26, 27

Centralization, and database design/optimization, 266

CGI programs. See Common Gateway Interface programs

Character-based types, 271

Check constraints, 272

Children, with DOM, 343

Cisco, LocalDirector, 34, 173, 184

CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE, 250

Client acknowledgment, 263

and JMS reliability versus performance, 249-250

Client data, relationship between server side entity beans, 200

Client/EJB communication, behind the scenes, 230-232

Client/EJB integration, 228-230

Client hardware, 3

Clients, 47, 121. See also Servers

automated, 33

and caching, 106-107

human, 32

IDs, 256

Java Message Service, 243, 244

network, server, and, 3

relationship between EJB container, bean instances, and, 192, 193

synchrony of, 247-249

Client/server application, 31

Client/server architecture, hybrid design, 31

Client-side data validation, 44

Client-side network elements, 33-34

Client-side network infrastructure, 34

Client software, 3

Clock synchronization, 15-16

Clustered computing systems, 75

CMP. See Container-managed persistence

CNET.COM, 5

Coarse granularity, 47

COBOL, 57

Codd, E. F., 267, 294

Code/Coding. See also Examples

bean class, 208-211

entity bean class, 217

home interface, 207-208

message producer, 252-254

remote interface, 206-207

replicating, 161

servlets, 158-162

stub/skeleton, 57

thread-safe, 46, 163, 184

Columns, in relational databases, 267

COMMIT, impact of, on performance, 329-330

Commit operation, 60, 61

Commits, cautionary note about, 329-330

Common Gateway Interface programs, and dynamic response generation, 149, 150

Common Object Request Broker Architecture, 43, 45, 47, 57, 92, 121, 187, 231, 338, 358

driver integration with, 294

IDL in, 339

integrating objects in, 58

Components

categories of, with J2EE, 49-50

management of, 65

tier-based design, and reusability of, 38-40

Concert/event seating availability, 138

Concrete endpoints, 350

Concurrency

efficient management of connections, 120, 123

fine-grained serialization and maximizing, 184

Concurrent fetching

CPU-bound activity, 77

I/O-bound activity, 78

Concurrent request processing, with HTTP 1.1, 95

Confirmation operation, 6

Confirmation process, 14

confirmEnrollment() method, 211, 229

Connection.commit call, 323

Connection.createStatement() call, 324

Connection factories, 246, 252, 253, 254

Connection management, 121, 147

with HTTP 1.1, 95

and request processing, 123, 133

Connections, 24, 246, 252

object, 310, 312

pooling, 82, 83, 87, 331

Connection.setAutoCommit() call, 323

Connection.setAutoCommit(false), 329

ConnPool.java, 82, 8486

Consistency, cache, 74

Constraints, 267, 272-273

Consumer performance, and nondurable subscriptions, 262

Consumers, and Web services, 363

Consuming applications, 242

Container-managed persistence, 199-201, 202, 238, 239, 240

and BenefitBean coding, 218

and coding entity bean class, 217

and coding home interface, 216, 217

and coding remote interface, 215

Container-managed relationships, 201

Containers, 50, 65

engines versus, 162

interoperability with J2EE, 53

J2EE, and support for APIs, 54

in J2EE Web application, 191

relationships among J2EE, 51

Content distribution, 13, 36, 99

Contention, reducing, 125

Content-Length header field, 112, 113, 116

Context, 62

Contract, 204

Contract agreements, 50

Cookies, 10, 235

and deterministic load balancing, 173

HTTP persistent, 169170

session management implemented with, 170-171

values, 170, 171

"Cookie Sticky" feature, 173

CORBA. See Common Object Request Broker Architecture

Core logic, and JavaServer Pages, 178

Cormen, T., 125

Corporate intranets, 1

Corrected initial age, 107

Corrected received age, 107

Cost, and scalability, 16

Coarse-grained EJB methods, 236, 237-238

CPU-bound servicing, 125-126

Crashes, 175, 185

create() API call, 216

create() method, 204, 207, 208, 217

Creation method type, and bean instances, 194

Credit cards

approval, 190

checking, 40

CSS. See Cascading Style Sheets

Current age, 107, 108

Customizable business logic, 26

Custom servers, 95

Data

copying, 79

encoding in XML, 362

feeds, 9

portability, 338, 348

querying, 273-275

self-describing, 333, 338, 340-341, 368

streaming of, between threads, 139-144

XML and portablity of, 348

Database definition language, 273

Database design, 265-307

importance of, 265-266

logical, 268-270

physical, 268, 270-273

scalability and performance hints for, 290-307

Database independence, with JDBC, 309

Database indexes, 283-284

Database management system, 73, 267, 291

Database manipulation language, 273, 274, 275

Database objects

administrators, 285

constraints, 272-273, 278

indexes, 283-284

rows, 271-272, 278

sequences, 284-285

stored procedures, 280-282

tables, 271-272, 278

triggers, 282-283

views, 278-280

Databases, 37

classifying usage of, 293

criteria for storing data in, 292-293

how to use, 290-291

JNDI for location of, 63

querying, 273-278, 331

relational, 267-268

when to use, 291-293

Database systems, aspects of, 267

Database technology, and relational model, 267-268

Database URL, 311, 312

Data denormalization, selective, 299-302

Data dependencies, and granularity, 261

Data filtering, with WHERE clause, 275

Dataflow graph, 286

Data locality, and caching, 127, 133

Data management, 26

and data access, 293

persistent, 30, 32

Data marshalling, 122, 124, 134, 147

Data modeling, 268, 280

Data model normalizing, 294-299

first normal form (1NF), 294-296

second normal form (2NF), 296-298

third normal form (3NF), 298-299

Data-producing process, 103

Date-based types, 271

Date-based validation, 107-108

Date response header field, 107

DBMS. See Database management system

DB2, 290

DCOM, 129

DDL. See Database definition language

Debugging, of SOAP over HTTP, 356

Decentralization, 13

Declarations, JSP, 177, 182

"Delayed write-through" policy, 73

delete_xx methods, 361, 362

Delivery, of message to client, 247

Demarshalling, 231

Denormalization tips, 302

Denormalizing data model, 299-302

DEPARTMENT entity, 269

DEPARTMENT table, 271

and denormalizing data model, 300

in first normal form, 294, 295

in third normal form, 298, 299

Dependent objects, 201

Deployment descriptor, 53

files, 54-57

sample, 55-56

Deployment of J2EE, 53-57

deployment descriptor files, 54-57

packaging, 53-54

Deployment paradigms, 93-95

applications with browser clients, 93-94

applications with nonbrowser clients, 94-95

deselectBenefit() method, 229

Design. See also Database design

importance of, 21

and scalability, 8

Destinations, 246, 253

destroy() method, 162

Destruction method type, and bean instances, 194

Deterministic load balancing, 173

DHTML. See Dynamic HTML

Digital subscriber lines, 28

Directives, JSP, 177, 182, 183

"Direct" programming, 186

Dispatchers, and request redirection, 152

Distance, caching to reduce latencies caused by, 70

Distributed multitier applications, 189

Distributed object technologies, 207, 231

Distributed systems, 88

Distributed Web functionality, abstraction and integration of, 334

DML. See Database manipulation language

Document Object Model, 343

efficiency differences between SAX and, 364

Levels 1, 2, and 3, 343

SML parsing using, 345-347

Document Type Description

sample, 342

and schema languages, 341-343

XML document referencing of, 342

XML document with embedding of, 342-343

doGet() method, 159, 164

DOM. See Document Object Model

Domains, 247

DOMParser.parse(), 365

doPost() method, 154, 159, 161, 164

DriverManager object, 310

DSL. See Digital subscriber lines

DTD. See Document Type Description

DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE, 250

Durable subscribers/subscriptions, 251, 254, 256, 262

Dynamically created tables, and join queries, 277

Dynamic business logic, 26

Dynamic content, and Expires field, 115

Dynamic GET requests, caching, 103-105

Dynamic HTML, 26, 27

Dynamic page data, JSPs, 177

Dynamic requests, 24

Dynamic response generation, 149-152

with CGI programs, 149, 150

extending Web server through API, 150

redirecting Web server request, 151-152

Dynamic responses, 149

Dynamic SQL, 320-321

Dynamic Web applications, 10-11

EAR file, 53

eBay, 9, 11, 12

EDI. See Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency, 163, 263. See also Performance; Scalability

with BMP, 238-239

of browser-to-server communication, 94

in computation, 125

and denormalization, 302

HTTP, 95-96

with normal forms of data modeling, 294, 299

and remote interface development, 144-147

and SOAP over HTTP, 356

Efficiency methods, selective writing of, 147

Efficient middleware, challenge of, 43

EJBs. See Enterprise JavaBeans

ejbActivate() method, 205

EJB containers, 50, 51, 191

and bean instance management, 204

relationships among clients, bean instances, and, 192, 193

ejbCreate() method, 204, 207, 208, 210, 219

ejbLoad() method, 217

EJBObject, 121, 192, 193

ejbPassivate() method, 205

EJB query language (EJB-QL), 216

ejbRemove() method, 205, 210

ejbStore() method, 224, 239

EJB 2.0 specification, 194, 202, 238, 240

Electronic Data Interchange, 38, 92, 132, 349, 356

Electronic shopping carts, 190

Ellis Island Web site, 119-120, 123

EMPLOYEE entity, 269

Employee entity bean, 200

Employee queries, iterative, 320-321

Employees, triggers for maintaining accounts on, 283

EMPLOYEE table, 271, 273, 315

Employer benefits-processing system, 195196

Endpoints, 350

End-to-end interactions, with Web site, 2

End-to-end performance, 6, 7

Engine, container versus, 162

Enrollment class, 226

Enterprise JavaBeans, 37, 50, 135, 152, 162, 185, 186, 187, 240, 268, 303, 338

client integration with, 228-232

design of, 196-203

driver integration with, 294

implementation of, 203-228

and Java Message Service, 243

as J2EE solution, 191-192

requesting member and employee information from, 201

sample application with, 195-196

scalability and performance hints for, 232-240

types, general role of, and interbean relationships, 195

types of, 194-195

workings of, 192-194

Entities, 269

relationships among, 269-270

Entity bean class, coding, 217

Entity beans, 61, 64, 194, 197, 203, 211-224, 240

and client interaction, 198

and CMP, 238

and coding entity bean class, 217-224

coding home interface for, 216-217

and EJB 2.0, 212

life cycle of, 212-213

local model for, 200

methods found in, 212

relationships, 198

remote interface coding for, 214-216

Entity integrity, 197, 198, 272

Entity-relationship (E-R) notation, 269, 270

Entity tags, 115

Envelopes, SOAP, 353, 354

Equipment requesting, 233, 234

ETag field, 114

header, 108

ETag() validation method, 115

Ethical issues, and caching, 72

Examples

DDL query for database table creation, 274

employer benefits-processing system, 195-196

generated servlet code, 179-181

JSP, 175-177

join queries, 276-278

membership processing, 159-161

online art company, 291-292

price-quoting service, 351-353

Red Planet Electronics, 241-243

session management implemented with cookies, 170

unsafe membership processing, 164-165

Exception handling, 281

executeQuery() method, 319

executeUpdate() method, 316, 322, 324, 325, 329

EXECUTIVE table, 273

Exodus Communications, 36

Expires fields, 108, 114, 115

header, 105, 107

Expires tag, 107, 115

Explicit control, implicit control versus, 318

Explicit filtering, and indexes, 284

Explicit style, of executing storing procedures, 283

Explicit submission, 10

Expressions, JSP, 177, 182

Extensible Markup Language, 27, 337, 368

counting nodes in document in, SAX versus DOM, 364

document referencing DTD, 342

document with embedded DTD, 342-343

DOM representation of document in, 344

DTD, for J2EE deployment descriptors, 55

encoding data in, 362

encoding requests in, 363

parsing, 343

parsing performance, 364-365

parsing/querying replies with, 363

parsing using DOM approach, 345-347

parsing using SAX approach, 347-348

parsing versus querying, 365-367

parsing with Apache Xerces 2.0, 345-348

sample document, 341

technologies related to, 348-349

and Web service technology, 338

External procedures, 280

Failover, 174, 175

FastCGI, 150

Fat client, 30, 31

"Fat client" solutions, 190

Fault tolerance, 232

FILTER operation, 288

findByPrimaryKey() method, 216, 217

Finder methods, 216

find_xx methods, 360

Fine-grained approach, 235, 238

for BankSession session bean remote interface, 236-237

Fine-grained serialization, 184

Firewall compliance, and Web service, 336

Firewalls, 132. See also Security

First normal form (1NF), 294-296

Flight status information, 138

Flushing caches, 68

Foreign keys, 273

and entity integrity, 198

and first normal form, 295

and third normal form, 298

FORM element, 103, 168, 169

action attribute of, 159

Freshness lifetime, of document, 107

games.xml, 364

Gartner Group, 27

GenericServlet class, 158

GetBulkDiscountPriceQuote, 350

getInt(), 321

GET method, 96, 97, 99-105, 117, 157

caching dynamic GET requests, 103-105

caching static GET requests, 101-103

judicious use of, 113-114

getObject() method, 141

GET operations, 288

GetPriceQuote, 350, 352

getRemainingSlots() method, 217, 219

GET requests, 101

caching dynamic, 103-105

caching static, 101-103

get_xx methods, 360

GIF files, 53

GIF images, 148

Global resource caches, 126

Google, 28, 69

Granularity, 48

and data dependencies, 261

selection of, 4647

Green pages, 358

Handshakes, 245

Hardware

and parallelism, 7475

and redundancy, 78, 79

Hardware-based load balancing, 184-185

Hash join, 289

HAVING clause, 275

Headers

in HTTP requests/replies, 99

Java Message Service, 245

SOAP, 354

Hidden form fields, 235

for session identification, 168-169

Hierarchical model database, 267

Highly dynamic Web pages, generating, 138-139

High-performance Web applications, 1

Home interface, 193, 203, 204

coding, 207-208

coding for entity beans, 216-217

for entity beans, 212

Horizontal access to information, 279

HTML, 27, 338

XML distinct from, 340

HTML code

generation of, 186

for membership-processing example, 157

HTTP. See Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP 1.0, 93, 106, 116

persistent connections support with, 112

HTTP 1.1, 93, 94, 95, 104, 116

and persistent connections, 336

Transfer-Encoding supported by, 113

HttpRequest descriptor, 163

HttpResponse descriptor, 163

HttpServlet methods, commonly overridden, and original purpose of, 158

HttpSession class, 163

HTTP session management, 235

HttpSession object, 172

HTTP user authentication, 167168

Hyperlinks, 24

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, 5, 333

automatic authentication, 336

connection management, 110-113

cookies, 235

deployment paradigms, 93-95

description of, 91-93

details about, 96-113

efficiency with, 95-96

GET method, 99-105

and message-based schemes, 132

for nonbrowser clients, 114

persistent cookies, 169-170

POST method, 105-106

programmatic access to remote Internet-based functionality via, 353

reducing connections, 98

remote object functionality invoked via, 337

requests, 99, 148

sample request and reply, 92

scalability and performance hints, 113-116

semantics, 97-99

SOAP usage over, 356-357

version 1.1 caching, 106-110

Web services access via, 334, 335, 336

IBM

DB2, version 7, 280

and UDDI standards, 359

WebSphere, 49

IDL. See Internet Definition Language

IETF. See Internet Engineering Task Force

If-Match header field, 101, 102, 108, 109

If-Modified-Since, 115

header field, 101, 102, 106

requests, 115

If-None-Match header field, 101, 102, 108, 109

If-Range header field, 101

If-Unmodified-Since header field, 101, 102

IIOP. See Internet Inter-ORB Protocol

IIS. See Microsoft Internet Information Server

ILP. See Instruction-level parallelism

Images, 103

and content distribution, 36

and persistent connections, 110-111

storage of, in databases, 291-292

transferring for Web page, 98

Implicit control, explicit control versus, 318

Implicit execution, avoiding, 306-307

Implicit filtering, and indexes, 284

Implicit style, of executing stored procedures, 283

Implicit submission, 10

include directive, 182

Independent caches, consistency of, 127

Indexes, 270, 283-284, 289, 307, 321

query plan using, 290

of results, 314

"Indirect" programming, 186

Information agents, 9, 10

Information consumers and providers, 1, 2

init() method, 158, 159, 162

IN operator, 275

Inquiry API, UDDI, 360

Instruction-level parallelism, 75

Integrated voice response, 94

Integration, with Web applications, 12

Integrity constraints, 267, 273

Intelligent agents, 336

Interactivity, 10, 11

Interface Definition Language, 207

Interfaces, 265, 293

Interface technologies, 26-27

Intermediate network support, with HTTP 1.1, 95

Internal product IDs, 241

Internet, 1, 33, 91

always-on characteristic of, 8, 11-12

attributes of, as medium, 8-13

dynamic, 8, 10-11

and future of Web services, 333

integration and, 9, 12

interactivity of, 8, 10

lack of complete control with, 9, 12-13

nature of and challenges with, 35

wide audience for, 4, 8, 9-10

Internet Definition Language, 57

Internet Engineering Task Force, 93, 95

Internet Inter-ORB Protocol, 43, 57, 129

between ORBs, 59

Internet Protocol, 33

Internet service provider, 33

Internet technologies, 2

Interoperability, and request redirection, 152

I/O-bound servicing, 126

IONA, 58

IP. See Internet Protocol

ISAPI, 150

ISP. See Internet service provider

isThreadSafe page directive attribute, 182, 183, 186

IVR. See Integrated voice response

Jakarta 3.2.1, JSP example generated by, 179

Jakarta Tomcat servlet container, Apache server integrated with, 154-156

JAR file, 53

for BenefitSession, 54

Java (programming language), 91, 92, 282, 335, 340

DOM interfaces and bindings for, 344

servlets in, 158

synchronization with, 42, 43

Java applets, 49

Java applications, 49

Java code, efficiency of, 125

Java Collections classes, 46

Java Database Connectivity, 238, 331

API, 309

appending order with use of (multiple queries), 303-304

appending order with use of (stored procedure), 304-305

class hierarchy, 311

concepts and objects, 310-312

database connection, 311-312

database URL, 311-312

driver, 294

key features with, 309

prepared statements with, 318-319

queries, browsing, 315-316

scalability and performance hints for, 325-331

Java Database Connectivity query writing, 312-318

executing single updates, 316

iterating through results, 314-316

statement processing, 312-314

table and stored procedures creation, 317-318

java.io.Serializable class, 231

JavaMail, 65

Java Message Service, 63, 82, 138, 203, 241, 243

administrative objects, 246

asynchronous processing with, 136-137

body types and content, 246

clients, 244

concepts behind, 243-244

concepts, mapping to model-specific interfaces, 248

efficiency-reliability tradeoff with, 261-262, 263

EJB contacted by, 191

mapping concepts to model-specific interfaces, 248

message architecture, 137

message headers, 245

messages, 244-246

messaging models provided by, 262

programming models, 246-249

providers, 244

reliability versus performance, 249-251

sample pub/sub application, 251-258

timing dependencies and publishing models, 251

Java Name and Directory Interface, 126, 224

API, 61

properties file, 253

for resource location, 62-64

Java Remote Method Invocation, 43, 58, 124, 129, 333-334

JavaScript, 26, 27, 44, 98

Java serialization, 124

JavaServer Pages, 50, 64, 135, 136, 152, 162, 187

considerations with, 186

declarations, 177, 182

as development methodology, 183

directives, 177, 182, 183

example page, 175-177

expressions, 177, 182

generated servlet code example, 179-181

life-cycle flowchart, 179

page directive attributes, 182, 183

scriptlets, 177, 182

servlets developed with, 175-183

structure of a page, 177-182

synchronous processing with, 135-136

workings of, 178-182

Java servlets, 50, 60, 67, 135, 150

synchronous processing with, 135-136

thread pooling in, 136

Web server request redirection to, 152

Java Servlet Specification 2.3, SRV 2.2.1 of, 166

Java Statement object, 312

Java threads, for parallelism, 76

Java Transaction API, 243

transaction management using, 59-61

Java 2 Enterprise Edition, 1, 23, 47, 48, 65, 67, 89, 152

container interoperability, 53

deployment descriptor XML DTD, 56

EJB query language (EJB-QL), 216

and Enterprise JavaBeans, 191-192

and JDBC, 309

and JMS provider, 244

and replicating/load-balancing remote functions, 363-364

and request processing, 135-137

services, and APIs, 52

and session persistence, 174, 175

Java 2 Enterprise Edition specification, 49-65

and architecture, 64

deployment issues with, 51-57

overview of, 49-52

platform technologies and services, 57-64

Java 2 Standard Edition, 58

java.util.ArrayList class, 225

java.util.Collection, 216

java.util.Serializable, 226

Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 126, 152

Java Web Server, 135

javax.jms.MessageListener, 225

javax.jms.MessageListener.onMessage() method, 225

javax.transaction package, 60

javax.transaction.UserTransaction interface, 61

JDBC. See Java Database Connectivity

JDBC 2.0 API

batch updates feature with, 325

result management with, 323

updateable results with, 324

JDBC driver. See Java Database Connectivity, driver

JDBC/ODBC bridge, 312

J2EE. See Java 2 Enterprise Edition

j2eeadmin tool (Sun), 252-253

J2EE1.3+, 243

JMS. See Java Message Service

JMS API, 244

calls, 253

execution of modes for message consumers with, 249

relationship among providers, clients, messages and, 244

JMS client, sample remote, 255

JMSDeliveryMode, 245

JMS efficiency-reliability tradeoff, 261-262

JMSExpiration, 245

JMSMessageListener object, 256

JMS 1.0.2 specification, header fields defined by, 245

JMSPriority, 245

JNDI. See Java Name and Directory Interface

Join condition, 276

JOIN operation, 288, 289

Join queries, 276-278, 287, 300

JPEG images, 148, 291, 292

J2SE. See Java 2 Standard Edition

JSPs. See JavaServer Pages

JTA. See Java Transaction API

Keep-Alive header, 112

Keys

in caches, 68

foreign, 273

primary, 272

Language neutrality, and Web service, 335

Last-modified approach, 105

Last-Modified field, 114, 115

Last-Modified header, 106, 107

Latency, 20

and batch updates, 329

caches and reduction of, 70

and data marshalling, 124

and node distances, 75

and transfer of static content, 103

LDAP, 62

Lea, D., 43

Least-recently-used policy, 68, 69

Legacy systems, 38

Life cycle

and bean instances, 192, 193

entity bean, 212, 213

message-driven beans, 225

session bean, 204-206

stateful session bean, 206

stateless session bean, 205

Linearly scalable application response/throughput times, 18

Little's law, 16, 17

Load balancing, 34, 99, 127, 147

deterministic, 173

hardware-based, 184-185

remote functions, 363-364

scalability, 72, 73

software-style, 184, 185

Loan rate checks, 336

LocalDirector (Cisco), 173, 184

Local model, for entity beans, 200

Local objects, advantages with, 200-201

Local (or remote) interface, 193

LOCATION table

and denormalizing data model, 300

in third normal form, 298

Location transparency, and EJB, 192

Logging, asynchronous, 259

Logical database design, 268, 307

entities, attributes, and relationships, 269-270

Logic types, mixing, 161

Loose coupling, with Web services, 336

LRU policy. See Least-recently-used

Mail servers, JNDI for location of, 63

Many-to-many relationships

bean, 198

among entities, 270

MapMessage body type, 254

MapMessage category, 246

Marshalling, 124, 147, 231

Massively parallel processors, 74

Matrix multiplication, and parallelism, 76

Max-Age field, 107, 108

Max-age response, 109

MemberBenefit entity beans, 196, 198, 228

MemberBenefitHome object, 211

MemberBenefit instances, 211

MemberBenefit object, 230

MEMBER_BENEFITS table, 198

Member entity bean, 196, 198, 200

MEMBER_ID, 198

Membership processing sample servlet, 159-161

MEMBER table, 198

Menasce, D., 16

Merge join, 289

Message-based protocols, binary protocols versus, 92

Message beans, 61

Message consumer, 246

Message consumption, synchrony of, 247-249

Message delivery reliability options, 261

Message-driven beans, 194, 203, 224-228, 240

coding bean class, 225-228

life cycle, 225

preference over session beans, 232-234

Message header, JMS message, 244, 245

MessageListener interface, 256

Message processing, asynchronous, 256-257

Message producer, 246

coding, 252-254

Message properties, JMS, 244, 245

Message publisher development, 252-254

coding message producer, 253-254

topic creation, 252-253

Message queues, JNDI for location of, 63

Messages

Java Message Service, 243, 244-246

with price-quoting service, 351-352

in WSDL document, 350

Messages persistence, and JMS reliability versus performance, 250-251

Messaging, 232, 233, 234

services, 65

styles, 247

systems, 38, 132

Microsoft, 338

and UDDI standards, 359

Microsoft Internet Explorer, 27, 93

Microsoft Internet Information Server, 135, 150, 151

MIME. See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension

mod_cgi module, 151

mod_rewrite module, 173

Modularization

and performance, 40

and reusability, 46

with tier-based design, 38-39

Money transfers, and rollbacks, 321-322

MPP. See Massively parallel processors

Multiple containers, session management with, 172-175

Multiple issue technique, 75

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension, 93

Multirow functions, 216

Multithreaded application servers, 41, 42

using/building, 4546

Multithreading, 75, 147

for querying in parallel, 330-331

and servlets, 163-166

must-revalidate response, 109

MyDb data source, 312

Names, of tables, 271

NAPs (network access points), 35

Nested loops algorithm, 289

Nested queries, 275-276, 300, 327

NetRatings, 4

Netscape Web servers, 150

Network, 33-36, 47

access points, 35

and client hardware/server hardware, 3

between client side and server side, 35-36

client-side network elements, 33-34

server-side network elements, 34-35

Network connectivity requirements, 28-29

Networking infrastructure, 3

Network model database, 267

Network service provider, 35

Newspapers, 4

Newswire stories, 138

Nielsen, H., 116

no-cache response, 109

Nonblocking mode, 249

Nonbrowser clients

HTTP for, 114

Web applications with, 94-95

Nondurable subscribers/subscriptions, 254, 256, 262

Nonpersistent delivery, 246, 261, 262

Nonpersistent messages, 250, 251

Nontransaction, of messages, 249, 250

Normal forms, of data modeling, 294-299

no-store response, 109

notify() mechanism, 126

NOT operator, 275

NSAPI, 150

NSP. See Network service provider

n-tier application architecture, 32-43, 47

clients, 32-33

efficient middleware challenges, 43

multithreaded application servers, 41-43

network, 33-36

server, 36-37

tier-based designs, 38-41

n-tier applications, 38, 43, 49, 64, 65, 119, 148

NULL designation, 271-272

Numeric types, 271

ObjectMessage type, 254

Object orientation, 268

Object-oriented databases, 268

Object persistence, and EJBs, 192

Object request broker, 57

IIOP between, 59

Objects, 285

dependent, 201

persistent, 211

Object-technology neutrality, and Web service, 336

OCI. See Oracle Call Interface

ODBC, 294, 311

and JDBC, 309

On-chip parallelism, 75

One-to-many relationship, 198

between DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE, 269

among entities, 270

One-to-one relationship, entity bean, 198

Online art company example, 291-292

Online auctions, 9, 11

Online banking, 16

Online brokerage applications, 23

Online retail applications, 197

OnMessage() bean function, 203

onMessage() method, 228, 256

OODBMS. See Object-oriented databases

Opaque tags, 108

Opera browser, 27

Operation, in WSDL document, 350

Operator, 286

Optimizers, 289

Oracle, 191, 290

8i database architecture, 267

8i thin JDBC driver, 312

high-performance DBMS, 73

index creation with, 284

JDBC drivers supported by, 294

Procedural Language, 280, 281, 282

sequences supported by, 284

SQL statements cached by, 318

and UDDI standards, 359

Oracle Call Interface, 294

Oracle PL/SQL, appending order with use of (stored procedure), 305

Oracle query optimizer, 288

Oracle query plan dataflow graph, 289

ORB. See Object request broker

ORDER_ITEMS table, 300, 303

Orders

appending, using JDBC (multiple queries), 303-304

appending, using JDBC (stored procedure), 304-305

appending 1,000 items to, 306

appending, using Oracle PL/SQL, 305

batch processing of, 325

ORDERS table, 300, 301, 303

OR operator, 275

OSI model, of network programming, 93

Outages, 11, 12, 13

Out-of-process servlet container model, 153, 154

Packaging, J2EE applications, 53-54

Packets, 33

page directive, 182

Page hits, 4

Page hits counts

application logic for, 178

sample JSP for, 176-177

Parallel flows, 287

Parallelism, 40, 74-78, 88, 232, 259

and asynchrony, 80, 82, 137

interapplication, 139

with JMS-based solutions, 263

maximizing, 144

and request redirection, 152

and resource pooling, 82

Parsing, XQuery versus, 367

Partially ordered query dataflow graphs, 287

Passivation method type, and bean instances, 194

Passwords, 72

PDAs. See Personal digital assistants

Peer-to-peer models, 132

Performance, 23, 87. See also Scalability; Scalability and performance challenges; Scalability and performance hints; Scalability and performance techniques

and asynchrony, 80

and bean-managed persistence, 202

and cache-control headers, 110

caching and improvement in, 71

callback methods for, 205

and coarse-grained methods, 238

and database, 265

and data normalization, 299, 302

and distributed, multitier applications, 189

and efficient remote interfaces, 144-147

and future of Web services, 368

impact of COMMIT on, 329-330

with Java Message Service, 261-262, 263

and join queries, 278

measuring, 7, 13, 14-16

and message persistence, 250

and multithreading, 330

and nested queries, 275

and optimization of application, 266

and persistent connections, 110

with PTP and pub/sub, 262

and query processing, 286

and request processing modes, 133

request processor and, 119

and scalability, 58

and server-side application logic, 191

and stored procedures, 303

trends, 18

and versions of HTTP, 94.

Perl, 136, 151

Persistence, 263

automatic, 174-175

bean-managed, 202

container-managed, 216, 239, 240

Persistent application objects, 197

Persistent connections, 99, 110, 114, 123, 132

advantages with, 112

and embedded images, 111

HTTP 1.1, 336

support for, 116

Persistent cookies, 172

HTTP, 169170

Persistent data, 265

Persistent data management, 30, 32

Persistent delivery mode, 246

Persistent message delivery/messages, 250, 261

Persistent objects, 211

Personal digital assistants, 26-27, 94

Personalization information, 32

Physical database design, 268, 270-273, 307

constraints, 272-273

tables and rows, 271-272

Pipelining, 75, 116

Plan execution, within query processing, 286

Platform-independent application objects, 207

Platform neutrality, and Web service, 335

PL/SQL, 191

PointCast, 121

Point-to-point messaging model, 243, 246, 247, 261, 262

Point-to-point programming model, 251, 257

Polymorphism, 124

Pooling, 46, 88

PoolTest.java, 82, 83

Portal services, 23

Ports

with price-quoting service, 353

in WSDL document, 351

Port types

with price-quoting service, 352

in WSDL document, 350

POST method, 96, 97, 101, 105-106, 113-114, 117, 157

POST requests, 362

PreparedStatement calls, 314, 325-328, 329

PreparedStatement object, 311, 318-319, 320, 321

Prepared statements, with JDBC, 318-319

Presentation logic, 161, 178

PRICE_HISTORY table, 300, 301, 303

Price/performance, indexes and throughput, 19-21

PriceQuoteSoapBinding, 350

Price-quoting function, 349, 350

Price-quoting service, 351-353

messages and types, 351-352

port types and bindings, 352-353

and SOAP, 354-357

Price updates, 249, 252

Primary keys, 272, 285

and first normal form, 295

and second normal form, 296, 297

and third normal form, 298

PrintWriter object, 182

PRIORITY_LEVEL table, in 2NF, 297, 298

private response, 109

Privileges, 285

Proactive application servers, 138

Procedural Language (Oracle), 280, 281, 282

ProcessMembership servlet, 158

Processor nodes, distance between, 75

Producer performance, and nonpersistent message delivery, 262

Producing application, 242

Product IDs, 241, 246

Productivity, 19-20

ProductPriceRequest, 350, 351

ProductPriceResponse, 350, 351

Profile updating, 40

PROJECT table

in 1NF, 295

in 2NF, 296, 297, 298

Properties, JMS message, 244

Providers

Java Message Service, 243, 244

and Web services, 362

Proxy cache, 34

Proxy compliance, and Web service, 336

proxy-revalidate response, 110

Proxy servers, and caching of static GET requests, 102, 103

PTP model. See Point-to-point programming model

public response, 109

Publishers, 247

Publishing API, UDDI, 360-362

Publish/subscribe (pub/sub) messaging model, 243, 246, 247, 248, 251, 261, 262

benefits with, 257

with Red Planet, 252

topic creation with, 252-253

putObject() method, 141

Quality of service (QoS), 12, 13

Queries/querying, 10, 331

data, 273-275

and JDBC, 316

join, 276-278

meaning of, 273

nested, 275-276

and normalization, 299, 300

in parallel, multithreading for, 330-331

parsing, 286, 318, 327

simplification of, with views, 279-280

writing JDBC, 312-318

Query language, 273

Query plans

generation/optimization of, 286

using index, 290

Query processing, 286-290, 307, 327

phases of, 287

Queue class, 139, 142

QueueConsumer class, 142-143

QueueMain class, 142

QueueMain program, 143

QueueProducer class, 142

Queue reader, 141

Queues/queuing, 246, 247

and asynchronous communication, 131

for communication among threads, 139-141

managing with JMS, 252

Quilt technology, 366

Radio, 5

RAID, 78

raise_multiple value, 62, 63, 64

Reactive Web page delivery, 138

receive() method, 257, 258

Red Planet Electronics, 241

relationship between resellers and, 242

reseller price update flowchart, 242

Red Planet example, 244, 246, 249, 250, 251-258

deploying pub/sub application, 258

message publisher development, 252

message subscriber development, 254-258

price updates, listener for, 256-257

Redundancy, 34, 65, 78, 89, 266, 267

replication contrasted with, 79

and Web servers, 79

Referential integrity, 201, 272-273

Regeneration of content, 115

Relational databases, 67, 267, 309

constraints supported by, 272-273

and stored procedures, 280

Relational database management system (RBMS), 268

Relational model database, 267

Relational operators, 275

Relations, 271

Relationships, 269

Reliability, 12. See also Efficiency; Performance

cache, 73

with JMS, 261-262, 263

with JMS distribution models, 251

Remote client, sample JMS, 255

Remote database, batch updates with, 328-329

Remote functions, replicating and load balancing, 363-364

Remote interface, 203, 212

coding, 206-207

coding for entity bean, 214-216

efficient, 144147

Remote (or home) interface, 193

Remote procedure call, 43, 129, 338

Remote Web functions, publication of, 333-334

Replication, 88

and caching, 67-73

and performance, 302

redundancy contrasted with, 79

value-added, 301

Reply, 24

Report data, 32

Request, 24

fulfillment, with HTTP, 97

pipelining, 113

Request-level state, 163

Request processing, 119-148, 147

and connection management, 123

and CPU-bound servicing, 125-126

and data locality in caching environments, 127

and data marshalling, 124

general problem, 120-121

with highly dynamic Web pages, 138

importance of, 120

and I/O-bound servicing, 126

and J2EE, 135-137

modes, 128-134

pretty picture and ugly details of, 122

and remote interface design, 144

and request servicing, 124

specific challenges with, 121-122

Request-processing modes, 128-134

asynchronous communication, 129-131

caching and data locality, 133-134

connection management, 133

data marshalling, 134

messaging systems, 132

scalability and performance, 133

synchronous communication, 128-129

Request processors, 36, 147, 119

RequestRunnable.java, 82, 83, 84

Request servicing, 122, 124-125

Reseller update processing, 241

Resident time, 107

Resource location, JNDI for, 62-64

Resource pooling, 82-87, 89

Resource references, caching, 126

Resource usage, and scalability, 16

Response caching, HTTP, 114-116

Response delay, 107

Results, bidirectional iteration and updateable, 323-324

ResultSetMetadata object, 314

ResultSet object, 311, 314, 324

ResultSet.previous() method, 323

ResultsSet.afterLast() method, 323

Reusability, 11

and modularization, 46

with tier-based design, 38-40

Reverse proxy cache, 35

RMI. See Java Remote Method Invocation

RMI-IIOP, 129

component communication via, 57-59

and integration of Java and C++ CORBA objects, 58, 59

Roll back

operation, 60, 61

of transactions, 321-322, 323

Round-robin

distribution policy, 127

thread scheduling, 41

Routers, 35

Routing tables, 13

Rows

and entity integrity, 272

inserting into tables, 274

inserting with JDBC, 316

in physical database design, 271-272

in relational databases, 267

RPC. See Remote procedure call

Safety, and performance, 262

save_xx methods, 361, 362

SAX. See Simple API for XML Parsing

Scalability, 1, 23, 87. See also Efficiency; Performance

caching and improvement in, 71

callback methods for, 205

and connection management, 123

and database, 265

and distributed, multitier applications, 189

and efficient remote interfaces, 144-147

EJBs and enhancement of, 192

and future of Web services, 368

load balancing for, 72, 73

measuring, 13, 1621, 22

and message persistence, 251

and modularization, 39

and multithreaded servers, 163

optimizing of application, 266

and performance, 58

with PTP and pub/sub, 262

and request-processing modes, 133

request processor and, 119

and server-side application logic, 191

servlet, 185

and servlet deployment, 172

and stateless session beans, 197

targeted, 186

and versions of HTTP, 94

and Web server request redirection, 151, 152

Scalability and performance challenges, 363-367

parsing versus querying XML, 365-367

replicating/load balancing remote functions, 363-364

XML parsing performance, 364-365

Scalability and performance hints

avoiding triggers and other implicit execution, 306-307

batch updates with remote database, 328-329

cautions about commits, 329-330

data access, 293-294

database usage, how and when, 290-293

data model normalization, 294-299

fine-grained serialization usage, 184

hardware-based load balancing, 184-185

JMS efficiency-reliability tradeoff, 261-262

message-driven beans preferred over session beans, 232-234

messaging opportunities within application system, 259-261

multithreading used to query in parallel, 330-331

PreparedStatement usage, 325-328

selective denormalization of model, 299-302

stored procedures usage, 303-306

use messaging, 258-259

vendor knowledge, 307

Scalability and performance techniques, 67-89

asynchrony, 80-82

caching and replication, 67-73

parallelism, 74-78

redundancy, 78-79

resource pooling, 82-87

SCAN operator, 286

Scenario, 15

Schema definition, 341

Schema languages, and DTDs, 341-343

Screen savers, 121

"Screen scraping," 335

Scriptlets, JSP, 177, 182

Script processor, Web server request redirection to, 151-152

Scrollable result set, 324

Search engines, 9

Search operation, 6

Second normal form (2NF), 296-298

Secure data transactions, 1

Security, 51, 168

and cache-control headers, 110

and caching, 72

and deployment descriptors, 55-56

and local objects, 201

and messaging systems, 132

and SOAP over HTTP, 356

selectBenefit() method, 229

Selection operation, 6

SELECT operator, 286

SELECT statement, 274

Self-describing data, 338, 368

need for, 333

and XML, 340-341

Semantics

HTTP, 97-99

integrity of, 273

Sequences, 284-285

Serialization, 124, 175

of data access, 126

fine-grained, 184

request, 166

of request execution, 163-164

for unsafe membership processing example, 164-165

Server hardware, 3

Servers, 47, 121, 127. See also Clients

application, 189

and caching, 106

content regeneration by, 115

HTTP and scalability issues for, 98-99

Server-side application architecture, 36-38

Server-side application logic, disadvantages to, 191

Server-side drivers, 294

Server-side entity beans, relationship between client data and, 200

Server-side network elements, 34-35

Server-side network infrastructure, 35

Server-side organization, 37

Server software, 3

Service information, and UDDI, 358

service() method, 61, 158, 162, 163

Service replication, with tier-based design, 40-41

Services

and endpoints, 350

with price-quoting service, 353

in WSDL document, 351

Servlet-based session management, 235

Servlet containers, 37

integration options, 153

and servlet execution, 162-163

and servlets, 152-154

Web servers and integration of, 154-157

ServletContext class, 163

Servlet instance, destroying, 162

Servlet interface, designing, 157-158

ServletResponse object, 182

Servlets, 303

coding, 158-162

deploying, 172-175, 187

developing, 157-162, 187

execution of, 162-166

interacting with, 154

JSP and development of, 183

membership processing sample, 159-161

and multithreading, 163-166

and servlet containers, 152-154

and session management, 167-172, 187

for session management, not business logic, 185-186

using, 152-157, 187

Servlet session tracking API, 171-172

Session beans, 61, 194, 196-197, 198, 203-206, 234, 240

Message-driven beans preferred over, 232-234

Session identification, 167-172

hidden form fields, 168-169

HTTP persistent cookies, 169-171

HTTP user authentication, 167-168

reading from incoming request, 170-171

rewritten URLs, 169

servlet session tracking API, 171-172

Session lifetime, 25

Session management, 161, 187

cookies, and implementation of, 170-171

with multiple containers, 172-175

and servlets, 167-172

Session migration, automatic, 174-175

session object, 181

Sessions, 24, 246

Session state, maintaining in hardware load balancing, 174

SetInt(), 321

setSessionContext() method, 204, 208

SGML. See Standard Generalized Markup Language

SharedConnection.java, 82, 86

SharedConnection object, 83

Shirazi, J., 126

Simple API for XML Parsing, 343, 344-348

efficiency differences between DOM and, 364

XML parsing using, 347-348

SimpleDom.java, impact of DOM tree building versus other code in, 365

Simple Object Access Protocol, 92, 337, 338, 339, 340, 362, 368

communicating with remote services via, 363

communication based on, 354, 355

encoding rules, 353

envelopes, 353, 354

over HTTP, 356-357

RPC representation, 353

translators, 355, 362

Web services invoked with, 353-357

Simplicity, 309, 331

Single-row functions, 214, 215

SingleThreadModel interface, 164, 166, 184

"Smart stubs," 231

s-maxage response, 109

SMP machines. See Symmetric multi-processing machines

SOAP. See Simple Object Access Protocol

Softbots, 9

Software

and parallelism, 76

and redundancy, 78, 79

Software-style load balancing, 184, 185

Specification of services information, and UDDI, 358

Speculative execution, 75

Speedup, 15-16

Spider, 9

Spoofing, 168

Sports scores/event statistics, "live," 138

Sprint, Inc., 4

SQL. See Structured Query Language

SQL-92 standard, 273

SQL queries

GROUP BY part of, 275

optimizing, 289-290

resolving, 286

SSL (secure socket layer), 132, 336

Standard Generalized Markup Language, 338

XML distinct from, 340

Starr report, 45, 7

startElement() method, 348

Stateful session beans, 196, 198, 203, 205, 206, 213, 234, 235, 236

Stateless session beans, 197, 198, 203, 234-236

life cycle, 205

State management, 174175, 197

State manager, 235

Statement.executeQuery() call, 313

Statement.executeUpdate() call, 329

Statement objects, 312, 316, 318, 319

Statement processing, with JDBC, 312-314

Static GET requests, caching, 101-103

Static objects, 148

Static page data, JSPs, 177

Static requests, 24

Static responses, 148

Static Web pages, 36

Stock price checks, 336

Stored procedures, 280-282

creating with JDBC, 317

and denormalization, 302

using, 303306

Structural representation of data, 340

Structured information, 292

Structured Query Language, 238, 267, 273, 286, 331

database queries via, 309

DML commands, 275

dynamic, 320-321

JDBC and statements in, 310

Stubs and skeletons, 231

code for, 57

and remote invocation, 232

Student course registration requests, 144-147

Subscriber listener, and asynchronous client postprocessing, 258

Subscribers, 247

creating, 254

Subscriptions

durable, 251

synchronous processing of, 257-258

Sun Microsystems, 338

Java 2 Enterprise Edition, 49

Java Web Server supported by, 135

JDBC/ODBC bridge supplied by, 312

Switches, 35

Sybase, Transact-SQL (T-SQL), 280

Symmetric multiprocessing machines, 75

Synchronization

of access methods, and databases, 46

clock, 15-16

and multithreaded code, 42

Synchronized keyword, 46, 164, 165, 184

Synchronous communication, 80, 128-129, 137, 147-148

bidirectional communication versus, 245

caching, data locality and, 133

and connection management, 133

and data marshalling, 134

Synchronous delivery of messages, 247

Synchronous I/O-bound execution, poor performance with, 260

Synchronous message processing, 254, 256

Synchronous middleware technology, 43

Synchronous price update processing, 130

Synchronous processing, with Java servlets and JSPs, 135-136

Synchronous subscription processing, 257-258

Synonyms, 285

Syntactic checking, 318

Tables, 270

creating with JDBC, 316, 317

data in, 38

and 1NF, 295

and performance measurements, 14-15

in physical database design, 271-272

in relational databases, 267

rows inserted into, 274

and 2NF, 296, 297

and 3NF, 298, 299

Tag-based validation, 108-109

taglib directive, 182

Targeted scalability, 186

Task parallelism, 40

Tcl, 151

TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP, 33, 93, 94, 97

Telephones, 2627

Television, 5

Testing, 47

Text-based messages

with SOAP, 356

and Web services, 353

TextMessage body type, 254

TextMessage type, 246

Thin clients, 30, 31, 4445

application servers and deployment of, 189

and Web applications, 190

Thin drivers, 294

Third normal form (3NF), 298-299

Thread-level parallelism, 75

Threads, 136

data streamed between, 139-144

pooling, 46

Thread-safe code, 46, 163, 184

Thread-scheduling policies, 41

Three-tier applications, 38

Throughput, 20-22

and price performance, 1921

sample application response and times for, 17

and scalability, 16

times, linearly scalable, 18

Tier-based designs, 38-41, 47

better distributed processing and task parallelism with, 40

increased modularization/component reusability with, 38-40

and more efficient service replication, 40-41

Tiers, 38

Timing dependencies, and JMS publishing models, 251

TLP. See Thread-level parallelism

TopicConnection, 253, 256

Topic creation, with pub/sub model, 252-253

TopicPublisher, 254

Topics, destinations as, 246

TopicSession, 254

TopicSubscriber object, 256, 257

TPC. See Transaction Processing Council

TPC-A, TPC-B, and TPC-C benchmarks, 20

TPC-style benchmarks, 19, 20

TPS. See Transactions per second

traceroute, 36

Transaction management, 321-323

and Enterprise JavaBeans, 192

with Java transaction API, 59-61

Transaction Processing Council, 20

Transactions

and client acknowledgment, 249

and EJBs, 61

explicit control of, 330

JNDI for location of, 63

processing of, 291, 321

at Web application level, 24

and Web components, 60-61

Transactions per second, 17

Transact-SQL (T-SQL), 280

Transfer-Encoding header, 112, 113, 116

transferFunds() method, 259, 260

Transfer rate, and persistent connections, 111-112

Transistive dependency, 298

Translators, SOAP, 355, 362

Transmission Control Protocol, 33, 97

Trees, with DOM, 343, 344, 364, 365

Triggers, 282-283

avoiding, 306-307

Tuples, 267, 271

24x7 availability, with Internet, 11

Two-tier applications, 38

Types

with price-quoting service, 351-352

in WSDL documents, 350

UDDI. See Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

UDDI 2.0 Programmer's API, 359, 360, 361

UDP. See Universal Datagram Protocol

Uniform Resource Locators

JNDI for location of, 63

rewriting, 169, 235, 236

Universal Datagram Protocol, 33, 97

Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration, 339, 368

APIs, 340, 359-362

information types, 358, 359

publishing functionality via, 362

standards, 359

Web services registered with, 357-362

Universal Resource Identifier, 92

UNIX, 267

Unsafe membership processing, example of, 164-165

Unstructured images, 292

Updateable results, 324

updateRow(), 324

Updates

batching with remote database, 328-329

with JDBC, 316

UDDI, 360

updateString(), 324

UPPER() function, 215

URI. See Universal Resource Identifier

URLs. See Uniform Resource Locators

Usability benefits, 292

Usable applications, 27

Useful applications, 27

User authentication, HTTP, 167-168

UserLand, 338

Usernames, 72

Value-added denormalizations, identifying, 302

Value-added replication, 301

Values

in caches, 68

and sequences, 284-285

Vendors, 318

choosing, 64

database, 280, 291

JDBC driver provided by, 309, 310, 311

knowing, 239-240, 307

Vertical access to information, 279

Video streaming, 75

Views, 270, 278-280

Virtual shopping carts, 197

Visigenic, 58

Visual Basic (VB), 335, 340

Visual representation of data, 340

wait() mechanism, 126

WAR files, 53, 54

Waste, 266

W3C. See World Wide Web Consortium

Weather information, 138, 336

Web. See World Wide Web

Web applications, 22, 24

with browser clients, 93-94

defined, 2

emergence of, 1

growth rates, 4

with nonbrowser clients, 94-95

and parallelism, 76

requirements, 25

terminology, 23-25

Web sites versus, 2

Web browsers, 26, 27, 187, 336

Web caching, 13, 33

Web components, and transactions, 60-61

Web containers, 50, 51, 135, 191

Web event listeners, 50

WebLogic Server, 174, 175

WebLogic suite, 49

Web pages, 2

fetching, with HTTP, 98

highly dynamic, 138-139

for querying a specific city, 100, 103, 104

with several embedded images, 111

static, 36

Web server farms, 34, 78

Web server request redirection

and dynamic response generation, 151

to Java servlets, 152

to script processor, 151-152

Web servers, 3, 36, 135

extension of, through APIs, 150

and HTTP requests, 148

redundant, 79

and servlet container integration, 154-157

Web services, 333-368

consumer's perspective on, 363

definitions, 335, 350-351

description of, 335-338

developing, 349

features, 337

invoking with SOAP, 353-357

practical use of, 334-335

provider's perspective on, 362

registering with UDDI, 357-362

replication and load-balancing demands of, 364

scalability and performance challenges with, 363-367

technologies, 334, 338, 340

technology stack, 339

with WSDL, 349-353

XML: self-describing data, 340-349

Web Services Description Language, 339, 368

available functionality with, 362

document definitions, 350-351

price-quoting service with, 351-353

Web sites, Web applications versus, 2

WebSphere, 49

WHERE clause, 216, 275

White pages, 358

Wildcard tokens, 320

Windows, 267

"Workers," 154

Workflow processing, 234

World Wide Web, 1. See also Internet

nature of, and challenges with, 3-5

requirements of, 27-29

World Wide Web Consortium, 338

DOM working group of, 343

and SOAP, 353

WSDL report, 349

Write-through caches, and server farm, 127

WSDL. See Web Services Description Language

XA transaction standard, 60

XML. See Extensible Markup Language

XML files, deployment descriptors as, 55

Xpath, 366

XQL, 366

XQuery, 365-366, 368

parsing versus, 367

Yahoo, 9, 28, 36

Yellow pages, 358

Zero-to-many relationship, between entities, 270

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