BPF Performance Tools

Description

Use BPF Tools to Optimize Performance, Fix Problems, and See Inside Running Systems

BPF-based performance tools give you unprecedented visibility into systems and applications, so you can optimize performance, troubleshoot code, strengthen security, and reduce costs. BPF Performance Tools: Linux System and Application Observability is the definitive guide to using these tools for observability.

Pioneering BPF expert Brendan Gregg presents more than 150 ready-to-run analysis and debugging tools, expert guidance on applying them, and step-by-step tutorials on developing your own. You’ll learn how to analyze CPUs, memory, disks, file systems, networking, languages, applications, containers, hypervisors, security, and the kernel. Gregg guides you from basic to advanced tools, helping you generate deeper, more useful technical insights for improving virtually any Linux system or application.

• Learn essential tracing concepts and both core BPF front-ends: BCC and bpftrace
• Master 150+ powerful BPF tools, including dozens created just for this book, and available for download
• Discover practical strategies, tips, and tricks for more effective analysis
• Analyze compiled, JIT-compiled, and interpreted code in multiple languages: C, Java, bash shell, and more
• Generate metrics, stack traces, and custom latency histograms
• Use complementary tools when they offer quick, easy wins
• Explore advanced tools built on BPF: PCP and Grafana for remote monitoring, eBPF Exporter, and kubectl-trace for tracing Kubernetes
• Foreword by Alexei Starovoitov, creator of the new BPF

BPF Performance Tools will be an indispensable resource for all administrators, developers, support staff, and other IT professionals working with any recent Linux distribution in any enterprise or cloud environment.

Extras

Author's Site

Please visit the author's site at http://www.brendangregg.com/bpf-performance-tools-book.html.

Sample Content

Table of Contents

Part I: Technologies
Chapter 1  Introduction     1
1.1 What Are BPF and eBPF?     1
1.2 What Are Tracing, Snooping, Sampling, Profiling, and Observability?     2
1.3 What Are BCC, bpftrace, and IO Visor?     3
1.4 A First Look at BCC: Quick Wins     4
1.5 BPF Tracing Visibility     6
1.6 Dynamic Instrumentation: kprobes and uprobes     8
1.7 Static Instrumentation: Tracepoints and USDT     9
1.8 A First Look at bpftrace: Tracing open()     10
1.9 Back to BCC: Tracing open()     12
1.10 Summary     14
Chapter 2  Technology Background     15
2.1 BPF Illustrated     15
2.2 BPF     16
2.3 Extended BPF (eBPF)     17
    2.3.1 Why Performance Tools Need BPF     19
    2.3.2 BPF Versus Kernel Modules     21
    2.3.3 Writing BPF Programs     22
    2.3.4 Viewing BPF Instructions: bpftool     23
    2.3.5 Viewing BPF Instructions: bpftrace     30
    2.3.6 BPF API     31
    2.3.7 BPF Concurrency Controls     35
    2.3.8 BPF sysfs Interface     36
    2.3.9 BPF Type Format (BTF)     37
    2.3.10 BPF CO-RE     37
    2.3.11 BPF Limitations     38
    2.3.12 BPF Additional Reading     38
2.4 Stack Trace Walking     39
    2.4.1 Frame Pointer—Based Stacks     39
    2.4.2 debuginfo     40
    2.4.3 Last Branch Record (LBR)     40
    2.4.4 ORC     40
    2.4.5 Symbols     41
    2.4.6 More Reading     41
2.5 Flame Graphs     41
    2.5.1 Stack Trace     41
    2.5.2 Profiling Stack Traces     41
    2.5.3 Flame Graph     42
    2.5.4 Flame Graph Features     44
    2.5.5 Variations     44
2.6 Event Sources     45
2.7 kprobes     46
    2.7.1 How kprobes Work     46
    2.7.2 kprobes Interfaces     47
    2.7.3 BPF and kprobes     48
    2.7.4 kprobes Additional Reading     49
2.8 uprobes     49
    2.8.1 How uprobes Work     49
    2.8.2 Uprobes Interfaces     51
    2.8.3 BPF and uprobes     51
    2.8.4 uprobes Overhead and Future Work     52
    2.8.5 uprobes Additional Reading     52
2.9 Tracepoints     53
    2.9.1 Adding Tracepoint Instrumentation     53
    2.9.2 How Tracepoints Work     55
    2.9.3 Tracepoint Interfaces     56
    2.9.4 Tracepoints and BPF     56
    2.9.5 BPF Raw Tracepoints     57
    2.9.6 Additional Reading     58
2.10 USDT     58
    2.10.1 Adding USDT Instrumentation     58
    2.10.2 How USDT Works     60
    2.10.3 BPF and USDT     61
    2.10.4 USDT Additional Reading     61
2.11 Dynamic USDT     61
2.12 PMCs     63
    2.12.1 PMC Modes     63
    2.12.2 PEBS     64
    2.12.3 Cloud Computing     64
2.13 perf_events     64
2.14 Summary     65
Chapter 3  Performance Analysis     67
3.1 Overview     67
    3.1.1 Goals     68
    3.1.2 Activities     68
    3.1.3 Mulitple Performance Issues     69
3.2 Performance Methodologies     69
    3.2.1 Workload Characterization     70
    3.2.2 Drill-Down Analysis     71
    3.2.3 USE Method     72
    3.2.4 Checklists     72
3.3 Linux 60-Second Analysis     73
    3.3.1 uptime     73
    3.3.2 dmesg | tail     74
    3.3.3 vmstat 1     74
    3.3.4 mpstat -P ALL 1     75
    3.3.5 pidstat 1     75
    3.3.6 iostat -xz 1     76
    3.3.7 free -m     77
    3.3.8 sar -n DEV 1     77
    3.3.9 sar -n TCP,ETCP 1     78
    3.3.10 top     78
3.4 BCC Tool Checklist     79
    3.4.1 execsnoop     80
    3.4.2 opensnoop     80
    3.4.3 ext4slower     80
    3.4.4 biolatency     81
    3.4.5 biosnoop     81
    3.4.6 cachestat     82
    3.4.7 tcpconnect     82
    3.4.8 tcpaccept     82
    3.4.9 tcpretrans     83
    3.4.10 runqlat     83
    3.4.11 profile     84
3.5 Summary     84
Chapter 4  BCC     85
4.1 BCC Components     86
4.2 BCC Features     86
    4.2.1 Kernel-Level Features     87
    4.2.2 BCC User-Level Features     87
4.3 BCC Installation     88
    4.3.1 Kernel Requirements     88
    4.3.2 Ubuntu     88
    4.3.3 RHEL     89
    4.3.4 Other Distributions     89
4.4 BCC Tools     89
    4.4.1 Highlighted Tools     90
    4.4.2 Tool Characteristics     91
    4.4.3 Single-Purpose Tools     91
    4.4.4 Multi-Purpose Tools     93
4.5 funccount     94
    4.5.1 funccount Examples     94
    4.5.2 funccount Syntax     97
    4.5.3 funccount One-Liners     97
    4.5.4 funccount Usage     98
4.6 stackcount     99
    4.6.1 stackcount Example     99
4.6.2 stackcount Flame Graphs     100
    4.6.3 stackcount Broken Stack Traces     101
    4.6.4 stackcount Syntax     102
    4.6.5 stackcount One-Liners     102
    4.6.6 stackcount Usage     103
4.7 trace     104
    4.7.1 trace Example     104
    4.7.2 trace Syntax     105
    4.7.3 trace One-Liners     106
    4.7.4 trace Structs     107
    4.7.5 trace Debugging File Descriptor Leaks     107
    4.7.6 trace Usage     109
4.8 argdist     110
    4.8.1 argdist Syntax     111
    4.8.2 argdist One-Liners     112
    4.8.3 argdist Usage     113
4.9 Tool Documentation     114
    4.9.1 Man Page: opensnoop     115
    4.9.2 Examples File: opensnoop     118
4.10 Developing BCC Tools     119
4.11 BCC Internals     120
4.12 BCC Debugging     121
    4.12.1 printf() Debugging     122
    4.12.2 BCC Debug Output     124
    4.12.3 BCC Debug Flag     125
    4.12.4 bpflist     126
    4.12.5 bpftool     127
    4.12.6 dmesg     127
    4.12.7 Resetting Events     127
4.13 Summary     128
Chapter 5  bpftrace     129
5.1 bpftrace Components     130
5.2 bpftrace Features     131
    5.2.1 bpftrace Event Sources     131
    5.2.2 bpftrace Actions     131
    5.2.3 bpftrace General Features     132
    5.2.4 bpftrace Compared to Other Observability Tools     132
5.3 bpftrace Installation     133
    5.3.1 Kernel Requirements     133
    5.3.2 Ubuntu     134
    5.3.3 Fedora     134
    5.3.4 Post-Build Steps     134
    5.3.5 Other Distributions     135
5.4 bpftrace Tools     135
    5.4.1 Highlighted Tools     136
    5.4.2 Tool Characteristics     136
    5.4.3 Tool Execution     137
5.5 bpftrace One-Liners     137
5.6 bpftrace Documentation     138
5.7 bpftrace Programming     138
    5.7.1 Usage     139
    5.7.2 Program Structure     140
    5.7.3 Comments     140
    5.7.4 Probe Format     141
    5.7.5 Probe Wildcards     141
    5.7.6 Filters     142
    5.7.7 Actions     142
    5.7.8 Hello, World!     142
    5.7.9 Functions     143
    5.7.10 Variables     143
    5.7.11 Map Functions     144
    5.7.12 Timing vfs_read()     145
5.8 bpftrace Usage     147
5.9 bpftrace Probe Types     148
    5.9.1 tracepoint     148
    5.9.2 usdt     150
    5.9.3 kprobe and kretprobe     151
    5.9.4 uprobe and uretprobe     151
    5.9.5 software and hardware     152
    5.9.6 profile and interval     153
5.10 bpftrace Flow Control     154
    5.10.1 Filter     154
    5.10.2 Ternary Operators     154
    5.10.3 If Statements     155
    5.10.4 Unrolled Loops     155
5.11 bpftrace Operators     155
5.12 bpftrace Variables     156
    5.12.1 Built-in Variables     156
    5.12.2 Built-ins: pid, comm, and uid     157
    5.12.3 Built-ins: kstack and ustack     157
    5.12.4 Built-ins: Positional Parameters     159
    5.12.5 Scratch     160
    5.12.6 Maps     160
5.13 bpftrace Functions     161
    5.13.1 printf()     162
    5.13.2 join()     163
    5.13.3 str()     163
    5.13.4 kstack() and ustack()     164
    5.13.5 ksym() and usym()     165
    5.13.6 kaddr() and uaddr()     166
    5.13.7 system()     166
    5.13.8 exit()     167
5.14 bpftrace Map Functions     167
    5.14.1 count()     168
    5.14.2 sum(), avg(), min(), and max()     169
    5.14.3 hist()     170
    5.14.4 lhist()     171
    5.14.5 delete()     171
    5.14.6 clear() and zero()     172
    5.14.7 print()     172
5.15 bpftrace Future Work     173
    5.15.1 Explicit Address Modes     173
    5.15.2 Other Additions     174
    5.15.3 ply     175
5.16 bpftrace Internals     175
5.17 bpftrace Debugging     176
    5.17.1 printf() Debugging     177
    5.17.2 Debug Mode     177
    5.17.3 Verbose Mode     179
5.18 Summary     180

Part II: Using BPF Tools
Chapter 6  CPUs     181
6.1 Background     181
    6.1.1 CPU Fundamentals     182
    6.1.2 BPF Capabilities     184
    6.1.3 Strategy     185
6.2 Traditional Tools     186
    6.2.1 Kernel Statistics     187
    6.2.2 Hardware Statistics     189
    6.2.3 Hardware Sampling     192
    6.2.4 Timed Sampling     192
    6.2.5 Event Statistics and Tracing     196
6.3 BPF Tools     198
    6.3.1 execsnoop     200
    6.3.2 exitsnoop     202
    6.3.3 runqlat     203
    6.3.4 runqlen     207
    6.3.5 runqslower     210
    6.3.6 cpudist     211
    6.3.7 cpufreq     212
    6.3.8 profile     215
    6.3.9 offcputime     219
    6.3.10 syscount     224
    6.3.11 argdist and trace     226
    6.3.12 funccount     229
    6.3.13 softirqs     231
    6.3.14 hardirqs     232
    6.3.15 smpcalls     233
    6.3.16 llcstat     237
    6.3.17 Other Tools     238
6.4 BPF One-Liners     238
    6.4.1 BCC     238
    6.4.2 bpftrace     239
6.5 Optional Exercises     240
6.6 Summary     241
Chapter 7  Memory     243
7.1 Background     244
    7.1.1 Memory Fundamentals     244
    7.1.2 BPF Capabilities     247
    7.1.3 Strategy     250
7.2 Traditional Tools     250
    7.2.1 Kernel Log     251
    7.2.2 Kernel Statistics     252
    7.2.3 Hardware Statistics and Sampling     255
7.3 BPF Tools     257
    7.3.1 oomkill     258
    7.3.2 memleak     259
    7.3.3 mmapsnoop     261
    7.3.4 brkstack     262
    7.3.5 shmsnoop     264
    7.3.6 faults     264
    7.3.7 ffaults     267
    7.3.8 vmscan     268
    7.3.9 drsnoop     271
    7.3.10 swapin     272
    7.3.11 hfaults     273
    7.3.12 Other Tools     274
7.4 BPF One-Liners     274
    7.4.1 BCC     274
    7.4.2 bpftrace     275
7.5 Optional Exercises     275
7.6 Summary     276
Chapter 8  File Systems     277
8.1 Background     278
    8.1.1 File Systems Fundamentals     278
    8.1.2 BPF Capabilities     280
    8.1.3 Strategy     281
8.2 Traditional Tools     282
    8.2.1 df     282
    8.2.2 mount     283
    8.2.3 strace     283
    8.2.4 perf     284
    8.2.5 fatrace     286
8.3 BPF Tools     287
    8.3.1 opensnoop     289
    8.3.2 statsnoop     291
    8.3.3 syncsnoop     293
    8.3.4 mmapfiles     294
    8.3.5 scread     295
    8.3.6 fmapfault     297
    8.3.7 filelife     298
    8.3.8 vfsstat     299
    8.3.9 vfscount     301
    8.3.10 vfssize     302
    8.3.11 fsrwstat     304
    8.3.12 fileslower     306
    8.3.13 filetop     308
    8.3.14 writesync     310
    8.3.15 filetype     311
    8.3.16 cachestat     314
    8.3.17 writeback     316
    8.3.18 dcstat     318
    8.3.19 dcsnoop     320
    8.3.20 mountsnoop     322
    8.3.21 xfsslower     323
    8.3.22 xfsdist     324
    8.3.23 ext4dist     327
    8.3.24 icstat     330
    8.3.25 bufgrow     331
    8.3.26 readahead     332
    8.3.27 Other Tools     334
8.4 BPF One-Liners     334
    8.4.1 BCC     334
    8.4.2 bpftrace     335
    8.4.3 BPF One-Liners Examples     336
8.5 Optional Exercises     340
8.6 Summary     340
Chapter 9  Disk I/O     341
9.1 Background     342
    9.1.1 Disk Fundamentals     342
    9.1.2 BPF Capabilities     344
    9.1.3 Strategy     346
9.2 Traditional Tools     346
    9.2.1 iostat     346
    9.2.2 perf     348
    9.2.3 blktrace     349
    9.2.4 SCSI Logging     350
9.3 BPF Tools     351
    9.3.1 biolatency     352
    9.3.2 biosnoop     358
    9.3.3 biotop     361
    9.3.4 bitesize     362
    9.3.5 seeksize     364
    9.3.6 biopattern     366
    9.3.7 biostacks     368
    9.3.8 bioerr     371
    9.3.9 mdflush     374
    9.3.10 iosched     375
    9.3.11 scsilatency     377
    9.3.12 scsiresult     379
    9.3.13 nvmelatency     381
9.4 BPF One-Liners     384
    9.4.1 BCC     384
    9.4.2 bpftrace     385
    9.4.3 BPF One-Liners Examples     386
9.5 Optional Exercises     387
9.6 Summary     387
Chapter 10  Networking     389
10.1 Background     390
    10.1.1 Networking Fundamentals     390
    10.1.2 BPF Capabilities     396
    10.1.3 Strategy     398
    10.1.4 Common Tracing Mistakes     399
10.2 Traditional Tools     399
    10.2.1 ss     400
    10.2.2 ip     402
    10.2.3 nstat     402
    10.2.4 netstat     403
    10.2.5 sar     405
    10.2.6 nicstat     406
    10.2.7 ethtool     407
    10.2.8 tcpdump     408
    10.2.9 /proc     409
10.3 BPF Tools     411
    10.3.1 sockstat     412
    10.3.2 sofamily     414
    10.3.3 soprotocol     416
    10.3.4 soconnect     419
    10.3.5 soaccept     422
    10.3.6 socketio     424
    10.3.7 socksize     426
    10.3.8 sormem     429
    10.3.9 soconnlat     432
    10.3.10 so1stbyte     435
    10.3.11 tcpconnect     437
    10.3.12 tcpaccept     440
    10.3.13 tcplife     443
    10.3.14 tcptop     448
    10.3.15 tcpsnoop     449
    10.3.16 tcpretrans     450
    10.3.17 tcpsynbl     453
    10.3.18 tcpwin     454
    10.3.19 tcpnagle     456
    10.3.20 udpconnect     458
    10.3.21 gethostlatency     460
    10.3.22 ipecn     461
    10.3.23 superping     463
    10.3.24 qdisc-fq     466
    10.3.25 qdisc-cbq, qdisc-cbs, qdisc-codel, qdisc-fq_codel, qdisc-red, and qdisc-tbf     468
    10.3.26 netsize     470
    10.3.27 nettxlat     473
    10.3.28 skbdrop     475
    10.3.29 skblife     477
    10.3.30 ieee80211scan     479
    10.3.31 Other Tools     481
10.4 BPF One-Liners     482
    10.4.1 BCC     482
    10.4.2 bpftrace     482
    10.4.3 BPF One-Liners Examples     484
10.5 Optional Exercises     487
10.6 Summary     488
Chapter 11  Security     489
11.1 Background     489
    11.1.1 BPF Capabilities     490
    11.1.2 Unprivileged BPF Users     493
    11.1.3 Configuring BPF Security     494
    11.1.4 Strategy     495
11.2 BPF Tools     495
    11.2.1 execsnoop     496
    11.2.2 elfsnoop     497
    11.2.3 modsnoop     498
    11.2.4 bashreadline     499
    11.2.5 shellsnoop     500
    11.2.6 ttysnoop     502
    11.2.7 opensnoop     503
    11.2.8 eperm     504
    11.2.9 tcpconnect and tcpaccept     505
    11.2.10 tcpreset     506
    11.2.11 capable     508
    11.2.12 setuids     512
11.3 BPF One-Liners     514
    11.3.1 BCC     514
    11.3.2 bpftrace     514
    11.3.3 BPF One-Liners Examples     514
11.4 Summary     515
Chapter 12  Languages     517
12.1 Background     517
    12.1.1 Compiled     518
    12.1.2 JIT Compiled     519
    12.1.3 Interpreted     520
    12.1.4 BPF Capabilities     521
    12.1.5 Strategy     521
    12.1.6 BPF Tools     522
12.2 C     522
    12.2.1 C Function Symbols     523
    12.2.2 C Stack Traces     526
    12.2.3 C Function Tracing     528
    12.2.4 C Function Offset Tracing     529
    12.2.5 C USDT     529
    12.2.6 C One-Liners     530
12.3 Java     531
    12.3.1 libjvm Tracing     532
    12.3.2 jnistacks     533
    12.3.3 Java Thread Names     536
    12.3.4 Java Method Symbols     537
    12.3.5 Java Stack Traces     539
    12.3.6 Java USDT Probes     543
    12.3.7 profile     549
    12.3.8 offcputime     553
    12.3.9 stackcount     559
    12.3.10 javastat     562
    12.3.11 javathreads     563
    12.3.12 javacalls     565
    12.3.13 javaflow     566
    12.3.14 javagc     568
    12.3.15 javaobjnew     568
    12.3.16 Java One-Liners     569
12.4 Bash Shell     570
    12.4.1 Function Counts     572
    12.4.2 Function Argument Tracing (bashfunc.bt)     573
    12.4.3 Function Latency (bashfunclat.bt)     576
    12.4.4 /bin/bash     577
    12.4.5 /bin/bash USDT     581
    12.4.6 bash One-Liners     582
12.5 Other Languages     583
    12.5.1 JavaScript (Node.js)     583
    12.5.2 C++     585
    12.5.3 Golang     585
12.6 Summary     588
Chapter 13  Applications     589
13.1 Background     590
    13.1.1 Application Fundamentals     590
    13.1.2 Application Example: MySQL Server     591
    13.1.3 BPF Capabilities     592
    13.1.4 Strategy     592
13.2 BPF Tools     593
    13.2.1 execsnoop     595
    13.2.2 threadsnoop     595
    13.2.3 profile     598
    13.2.4 threaded     601
    13.2.5 offcputime     603
    13.2.6 offcpuhist     607
    13.2.7 syscount     610
    13.2.8 ioprofile     611
    13.2.9 libc Frame Pointers     613
    13.2.10 mysqld_qslower     614
    13.2.11 mysqld_clat     617
    13.2.12 signals     621
    13.2.13 killsnoop     623
    13.2.14 pmlock and pmheld     624
    13.2.15 naptime     629
    13.2.16 Other Tools     630
13.3 BPF One-Liners     631
    13.3.1 BCC     631
    13.3.2 bpftrace     631
13.4 BPF One-Liners Examples     632
    13.4.1 Counting libpthread Conditional Variable Functions for One Second     632
13.5 Summary     633
Chapter 14  Kernel     635
14.1 Background     636
    14.1.1 Kernel Fundamentals     636
    14.1.2 BPF Capabilities     638
14.2 Strategy     639
14.3 Traditional Tools     640
    14.3.1 Ftrace     640
    14.3.2 perf sched     643
    14.3.3 slabtop     644
14.3.4 Other Tools     644
14.4 BPF Tools     644
    14.4.1 loads     646
    14.4.2 offcputime     647
    14.4.3 wakeuptime     649
    14.4.4 offwaketime     650
    14.4.5 mlock and mheld     652
    14.4.6 Spin Locks     656
    14.4.7 kmem     657
    14.4.8 kpages     658
    14.4.9 memleak     659
    14.4.10 slabratetop     660
    14.4.11 numamove     661
    14.4.12 workq     663
    14.4.13 Tasklets     664
    14.4.14 Other Tools     665
14.5 BPF One-Liners     666
    14.5.1 BCC     666
    14.5.2 bpftrace     666
14.6 BPF One-Liners Examples     667
14.7 Challenges     668
14.8 Summary     669
Chapter 15  Containers     671
15.1 Background     671
    15.1.1 BPF Capabilities     673
    15.1.2 Challenges     673
    15.1.3 Strategy     676
15.2 Traditional Tools     676
    15.2.1 From the Host     676
    15.2.2 From the Container     677
    15.2.3 systemd-cgtop     677
    15.2.4 kubectl top     678
    15.2.5 docker stats     678
    15.2.6 /sys/fs/cgroups     679
    15.2.7 perf     679
15.3 BPF Tools     680
    15.3.1 runqlat     680
    15.3.2 pidnss     681
    15.3.3 blkthrot     683
    15.3.4 overlayfs     684
15.4 BPF One-Liners     687
15.5 Optional Exercises     687
15.6 Summary     687
Chapter 16  Hypervisors     689
16.1 Background     689
    16.1.1 BPF Capabilities     691
    16.1.2 Suggested Strategies     691
16.2 Traditional Tools     692
16.3 Guest BPF Tools     693
    16.3.1 Xen Hypercalls     693
    16.3.2 xenhyper     697
    16.3.3 Xen Callbacks     699
    16.3.4 cpustolen     700
    16.3.5 HVM Exit Tracing     701
16.4 Host BPF Tools     702
    16.4.1 kvmexits     702
    16.4.2 Future Work     706
16.5 Summary     707

Part III: Additional Topics
Chapter 17  Other BPF Performance Tools     709
17.1 Vector and Performance Co-Pilot (PCP)     709
    17.1.1 Visualizations     710
    17.1.2 Visualization: Heat Maps     711
    17.1.3 Visualization: Tabular Data     713
    17.1.4 BCC Provided Metrics     714
    17.1.5 Internals     714
    17.1.6 Installing PCP and Vector     715
    17.1.7 Connecting and Viewing Data     715
    17.1.8 Configuring the BCC PMDA     717
    17.1.9 Future Work     718
    17.1.10 Further Reading     718
17.2 Grafana and Performance Co-Pilot (PCP)     718
    17.2.1 Installation and Configuration     719
    17.2.2 Connecting and Viewing Data     719
    17.2.3 Future Work     721
    17.2.4 Further Reading     721
17.3 Cloudflare eBPF Prometheus Exporter (with Grafana)     721
    17.3.1 Build and Run the ebpf Exporter     721
    17.3.2 Configure Prometheus to Monitor the ebpf_exporter Instance     722
    17.3.3 Set Up a Query in Grafana     722
    17.3.4 Further Reading     723
17.4 kubectl-trace     723
    17.4.1 Tracing Nodes     723
    17.4.2 Tracing Pods and Containers     724
    17.4.3 Further Reading     726
17.5 Other Tools     726
17.6 Summary     726
Chapter 18  Tips, Tricks, and Common Problems     727
18.1 Typical Event Frequency and Overhead     727
    18.1.1 Frequency     728
    18.1.2 Action Performed     729
    18.1.3 Test Yourself     731
18.2 Sample at 49 or 99 Hertz     731
18.3 Yellow Pigs and Gray Rats     732
18.4 Write Target Software     733
18.5 Learn Syscalls     734
18.6 Keep It Simple     735
18.7 Missing Events     735
18.8 Missing Stacks Traces     737
    18.8.1 How to Fix Broken Stack Traces     738
18.9 Missing Symbols (Function Names) When Printing     738
    18.9.1 How to Fix Missing Symbols: JIT Runtimes (Java, Node.js, ...)     739
    18.9.2 How to Fix Missing Symbols: ELF binaries (C, C++, ...)     739
18.10 Missing Functions When Tracing     739
18.11 Feedback Loops     740
18.12 Dropped Events     740

Part IV: Appendixes
Appendix A  bpftrace One-Liners     741
Appendix B  bpftrace Cheat Sheet     745
Appendix C  BCC Tool Development     747
Appendix D  C BPF     763
Appendix E  BPF Instructions     783
Glossary     789
Bibliography     795
Index     805

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