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Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology
- By T. David Griffith
- Published Sep 2, 2015 by Pearson.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
About
Features
- Follows the recently published objectives of the Center for the Advancement of Process Technology
- Fills a major gap in the marketplace: the only book to combine both the physics and chemistry requirements taught in foundation science courses on process technology
- Establishes a basis for communication between process operators and the chemical engineers who supervise them
- An indispensable resource for students and faculty in programs on process operations and technology
Description
- Copyright 2016
- Dimensions: 7" x 9"
- Pages: 648
- Edition: 1st
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-13-338833-6
- ISBN-13: 978-0-13-338833-6
A Practical Guide to Physical and Chemical Principles and Calculations for Today’s Process Control Operators
In Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology, author T. David Griffith walks process technologists through the basic principles that govern their operations, helping them collaborate with chemical engineers to improve both safety and productivity. He shows process operators how to go beyond memorizing rules and formulas to understand the underlying science and physical laws, so they can accurately interpret anomalies and respond appropriately when exact rules or calculation methods don’t exist.
Using simple algebra and non-technical analogies, Griffith explains each idea and technique without calculus. He introduces each topic by explaining why it matters to process technologists and offers numerous examples that show how key principles are applied and calculations are performed. For end-of-chapter problems, he provides the solutions in plain-English discussions of how and why they work. Chapter appendixes provide more advanced information for further exploration.
Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology is an indispensable, practical resource for every process technologist who wants to know “what the numbers mean” so they can control their systems and processes more efficiently, safely, and reliably.
T. David Griffith received his B.S. in chemical engineering from The University of Texas at Austin and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, then top-ranked in the discipline. After working in research on enhanced oil recovery (EOR), he cofounded a small chemical company, and later in his career he developed a record-setting Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) software package. He currently instructs in the hydrocarbon processing industry.
Coverage includes
• Preparing to solve problems by carefully organizing them and establishing consistent sets of measures
• Calculating areas and volumes, including complex objects and interpolation
• Understanding Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and the Ideal Gas Law
• Predicting the behavior of gases under extreme conditions
• Applying thermodynamic laws to calculate work and changes in gas enthalpy, and to recognize operational problems
• Explaining phase equilibria for distillation and fractionalization
• Estimating chemical reaction speed to optimize control
• Balancing material or energy as they cross system boundaries
• Using material balance calculations to confirm quality control and prevent major problems
• Calculating energy balances and using them to troubleshoot poor throughput
• Understanding fluid flow, including shear, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flows, vectors, and tensors
• Characterizing the operation of devices that transport heat energy for heating or cooling
• Analyzing mass transfer in separation processes for materials purification
Sample Content
Online Sample Chapter
Gas Laws: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
Table of Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxiii
Part I: Basic Principles 1
Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts 3
1.1 Using This Book 4
1.2 Steps for Solving a Problem 5
1.3 Degrees of Freedom 12
1.4 Dimensional Consistency and the Dimensional Equation 16
1.5 The Big Four: Unit Operations of Process Technology 17
1.6 Concluding Comments 19
Problems 20
Chapter 2: Areas, Volumes, Complex Objects, and Interpolation 21
2.1 Calculating Areas 22
2.2 Calculating Volumes 28
2.3 Complex Objects: Areas and Volumes 33
2.4 Interpolation and Extrapolation 40
2.5 Concluding Comments 46
Problems 46
Chapter 3: Units of Measure 51
3.1 Time 53
3.2 Length 54
3.3 Volume 55
3.4 Temperature 56
3.5 Mass, Weight, and Force 61
3.6 Vectors 63
3.7 Torque, Moments, and Couples 66
3.8 Density and Specific Gravity 68
3.9 The Mole Unit 69
3.10 Concentrations 72
3.11 Pressure 76
3.12 Work and Power 78
3.13 Accuracy, Precision, and Variance 80
3.14 Engineering Accuracy and Significant Figures 84
3.15 Scientific Notation 85
3.16 The Vernier Scale 86
3.17 Prefixes: M versus m 87
3.18 Concluding Comments 88
References 89
Problems 90
Chapter 4: Gas Laws: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 93
4.1 Boyle’s Law 94
4.2 Charles’s Law 96
4.3 Absolute Temperature 97
4.4 The Ideal Gas Law 98
4.5 Real Gases 108
4.6 Volumetric Fractions and Mole Fractions 110
4.7 Standard Conditions 111
4.8 Concluding Comments 112
Appendix 4A: Equations of State 113
Problems 119
Chapter 5: Thermodynamics: Energy, Heat, and Work 123
5.1 Heat and Its Equivalence 127
5.2 The Conservation of Energy and Matter 128
5.3 Work 130
5.4 Heat Capacity 131
5.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy 135
5.6 Power 138
5.7 Entropy 139
5.8 Reversible versus Irreversible Systems 142
5.9 Functions of State 144
5.10 The Mollier Diagram 145
5.11 Steam Tables 148
5.12 The Entropy of Mixtures 151
5.13 Latent Heat versus Sensible Heat 158
5.14 Free Energy, Chemical Potential, and Entropy 160
5.15 Laws of Thermodynamics 164
5.16 Adiabatic Processes: Compression and Expansion 167
5.17 The Carnot Cycle and Thermodynamic Efficiency 168
5.18 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 176
5.19 Joule-Thomson Expansion 179
5.20 Turbo-Expanders 181
5.21 Systems 182
5.22 Concluding Comments 186
Appendix 5A: Concepts of Activity and Fugacity 186
Problems 188
Chapter 6: Phase Equilibria 193
6.1 The Units of Equilibrium: Partial Pressure and Mole Fraction 194
6.2 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure 195
6.3 Chemical Potential 199
6.4 Boiling 200
6.5 Azeotropes 201
6.6 Degrees of Freedom and the Gibbs’ Phase Rule 203
6.7 Phase Transitions 206
6.8 Effects of Impurities 208
6.9 Quality, Bubble Point, and Dew Point 210
6.10 Equilibrium Equations 212
6.11 Effects of Mass and Volume 217
6.12 Osmotic Pressure 218
6.13 Ion Exchange 219
6.14 Supercritical Fluids 222
6.15 Concluding Comments 224
Problems 224
Chapter 7: Chemical Reaction Kinetics 227
7.1 Effect of Reactant Concentration 228
7.2 Complex Mechanisms with Intermediates 231
7.3 Effect of Temperature 236
7.4 Catalysts 238
7.5 Yield, Fractional Conversion, and Extent of Reaction 241
7.6 Equilibrium Reactions and the Law of Mass Action 248
7.7 Effect of Phase Behavior 250
7.8 Concluding Comments 251
Problems 252
Part II: Calculations: Material and Energy Balances 259
Chapter 8: Material Balances 261
8.1 Methodology 262
8.2 The Assumption of Steady-State 273
8.3 Single-Phase Material Balances for Separation Processes 273
8.4 Single-Phase Material Balances for Blending Processes 283
8.5 Multiple-Phase Material Balances 295
8.6 Material Balances with Chemical Reactions 304
8.7 Material Balances in the Real World 313
8.8 Concluding Comments 314
Appendix 8A: Business Economics 315
Problems 320
Chapter 9: Energy Balances 337
9.1 Methodology 338
9.2 Simple Energy Balances 340
9.3 Simultaneous Material and Energy Balances 344
9.4 Simultaneous Balances with Chemical Reactions 351
9.5 Concluding Comments 357
Appendix 9A: Heat of Mixing 358
Problems 362
Part III: Application of Basic Principles and Calculations to Transport Phenomena 371
Chapter 10: Transport Phenomena: Fluid Flow 373
10.1 Shear Rate and Viscosity 375
10.2 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 382
10.3 Vectors and Tensors 385
10.4 Shell Balances 386
10.5 The Equations of Motion 392
10.6 Dimensional Analysis 393
10.7 The Reynolds Number and the Fanning Friction Factor 396
10.8 The Bernoulli Equation 402
10.9 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow 412
10.10 Centrifugal Pumps and Feet of Head 413
10.11 Concluding Comments 415
References 416
Problems 416
Chapter 11: Transport Phenomena: Heat Transfer 419
11.1 Heat Conduction 421
11.2 Convection 431
11.3 Combined Conduction and Convection 435
11.4 Radiation 439
11.5 Dimensional Analysis 448
11.6 Shell Balances 456
11.7 Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Heat Transfer 459
11.8 Concluding Comments 462
References 463
Problems 463
Chapter 12 : Transport Phenomena: Mass Transfer 469
12.1 Diffusion 471
12.2 The Entropy of Mass Transport 476
12.3 Shell Balances 477
12.4 Dispersion 481
12.5 Mass Transport in the Real World 482
12.6 Mass-Transfer Processes: Unit Operations 483
12.7 Material and Energy Balances 498
12.8 Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Flow 516
12.9 Dimensional Analysis, the HETP, and Efficiency 518
12.10 Concluding Comments 528
References 529
Problems 530
Postface 535
Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems 537
Chapter 1 537
Chapter 2 537
Chapter 3 538
Chapter 4 538
Chapter 5 538
Chapter 6 539
Chapter 7 539
Chapter 8 539
Chapter 9 546
Chapter 10 547
Chapter 11 547
Chapter 12 548
Appendix B: Conversion Factors 551
Appendix C: Gas Constants 555
Appendix D: Steam Tables 557
Index 593