Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server > Solaris

Like this article? We recommend

Like this article? We recommend

Securing Systems with the Solaris ToolkitSecuring Systems with the Solaris Toolkit

Learn More Buy

Like this article? We recommend

Like this article? We recommend

Securing Systems with the Solaris ToolkitSecuring Systems with the Solaris Toolkit

Learn More Buy

Securing Sun Cluster 3.x Nodes

Building a secure system requires that entry points into the system be limited and restricted, in addition to limiting how authorized users obtain privileges. To effectively secure each node in a cluster, you must make changes to the Solaris OE software running on each node.

Properly securing the Sun Cluster 3.x nodes requires the following:

  • "Installing Solaris OE and Sun Cluster Software" on page 12
  • "Adding Security Software" on page 12
  • "Installing Downloaded Software and Implementing Modifications" on page 18
  • "Verifying Node Hardening" on page 20
  • "Reviewing the Results" on page 21

Installing Solaris OE and Sun Cluster Software

At this point in the process, we assume that you have installed the appropriate Solaris OE, Solaris OE cluster on the cluster nodes, and the Sun Cluster 3.x software. Also, we assume that you have configured the software.

CAUTION

Install the security software only if the cluster is installed and running with the appropriate agents. (Refer to "Supported Agents" on page 4.)

Adding Security Software

The next stage in hardening Sun Cluster 3.x nodes requires downloading and installing additional software security packages. This section covers the following tasks:

  • "To Install Solaris Security Toolkit Software" on page 13
  • "To Download Recommended and Security Patch Software" on page 14
  • "To Download FixModes Software" on page 15
  • "To Download OpenSSH Software" on page 16
  • "To Download MD5 Software" on page 17

NOTE

Of the software described in this section, the Solaris Security Toolkit, Recommended and Security Patch Cluster, FixModes, and MD5 software are required. The use of a Secure Shell product is strongly recommended and is bundled with Solaris 9 OE. For Solaris 8 OE the use of OpenSSH is recommended, though not required. Instead of OpenSSH, you can substitute a commercial version of Secure Shell, available from a variety of vendors.

To Install Solaris Security Toolkit Software

The Solaris Security Toolkit version 0.3.10 software must be downloaded first, then installed on each of the nodes. Later, you'll use the Solaris Security Toolkit to automate installing other security software and implementing the Solaris OE modifications for hardening the system.

The primary function of the Solaris Security Toolkit software is to automate and simplify building secured Solaris OE systems based on the recommendations contained in this and other security-related Sun BluePrints OnLine articles.

NOTE

The following instructions use file names that are correct only for version 0.3.10 of the Solaris Security Toolkit software.

  1. Download the source file (SUNWjass-0.3.10.pkg.Z) from the following web site:

    2. http://www.sun.com/security/jass

  2. Extract the source file into a directory on the server using the uncompress command:

    3. # uncompress SUNWjass-0.3.10.pkg.Z

  3. Install the Solaris Security Toolkit software on the server using the pkgadd command:

    4. # pkgadd -d SUNWjass-0.3.10.pkg SUNWjass

    Executing this command creates the SUNWjass subdirectory in /opt. This subdirectory contains all Solaris Security Toolkit software directories and associated files. The script make-jass-pkg, included in Solaris Security Toolkit software releases since version 0.3, allows administrators to create custom packages using a different installation directory.

To Download Recommended and Security Patch Software

Patches are regularly released by Sun to provide Solaris OE fixes for performance, stability, functionality, and security. It is critical to the security of a system that the most up-to-date patch is installed. To ensure that the latest Solaris OE Recommended and Security Patch is installed, this section describes how to download the latest patch cluster and store them uncompressed in the /opt/SUNWjass/Patches directory on each node.

Downloading the latest patch cluster does not require a SunSolveSM program support contract.

NOTE

Apply standard best practices to all patch installations. Before installing any patches, evaluate and test them on non-production systems or during scheduled maintenance windows.

  1. Download the latest patch from the SunSolve OnlineSM web site at:

    2. http://sunsolve.sun.com

  2. Click on the "Patches" link, at the top of the left navigation bar.

  3. Select the appropriate Solaris OE version in the Recommended Solaris Patch Clusters box.

    4. In our example, we select Solaris 8 OE.

  4. Select the best download option, either HTTP or FTP, with the associated radio button, then click Go.

    5. A Save As dialog box is displayed in your browser window.

  5. Save the file locally.

  6. Move the file securely to the node being hardened using the scp SSH command, the sftp SSH command, or the ftp command (if SSH is not yet installed).

    7. The scp command used to copy the file to a domain called scnode01 should appear similar to the following:

    % scp 8_Recommended.zip scnode01:/var/tmp

  7. Move the file to the /opt/SUNWjass/Patches directory and uncompress it.

    8. The following commands perform these tasks:

    # cd /opt/SUNWjass/Patches
# mv /var/tmp/8_Recommended.zip .
# unzip 8_Recommended.zip
Archive: 8_Recommended.zip
  creating: 8_Recommended/
 inflating: 8_Recommended/CLUSTER_README 
 inflating: 8_Recommended/copyright 
 inflating: 8_Recommended/install_cluster 
[. . .]

    Later, using the Solaris Security Toolkit software, you'll install the patch after downloading all the other security packages.

    NOTE

    If you do not place the Recommended and Security Patches software into the /opt/SUNWjass/Patches directory, a warning message displays when you execute the Solaris Security Toolkit software.

To Download FixModes Software

FixModes is a software package that tightens the default Solaris OE directory and file permissions. Tightening these permissions can significantly improve overall security. More restrictive permissions make it even more difficult for malicious users to gain privileges on a system.

  1. Download the FixModes precompiled binaries from:

    2. http://www.Sun.COM/blueprints/tools/FixModes_license.html

    The FixModes software is distributed as a precompiled and compressed tar file formatted for SPARC_ based systems. The file name is FixModes.tar.Z.

  2. Save the file, FixModes.tar.Z, in the Solaris Security Toolkit software Packages directory in /opt/SUNWjass/Packages.

    3. CAUTION

    Leave the file in its compressed state.

    Later, using the Solaris Security Toolkit software, you'll install the FixModes software after downloading all the other security packages.

To Download OpenSSH Software

In any secured environment, the use of encryption in combination with strong authentication is required to protect user-interactive sessions. At a minimum, user interactive sessions must be encrypted.

The tool most commonly used to implement encryption is SSH software, whether a commercial or open source (freeware) version. To implement all the security modifications performed by the Solaris Security Toolkit software and recommended in this article, you need to implement a SSH software product.

The Solaris Security Toolkit software disables all non-encrypted user-interactive services and daemons on the system, in particular daemons such as in.rshd, in.telnetd, and in.ftpd. Access to the system can be gained with SSH similarly to what is provided by RSH, Telnet, and FTP.

The Solaris 9 OE includes a bundled version of OpenSSH called the Solaris Secure Shell. The use of this software is highly recommended on Solaris 9 OE Sun Cluster environments because Solaris Secure Shell is supported by Sun. If you are using this product, then it is not necessary to perform the steps in this section. If you are not using Solaris Secure Shell on Solaris 9 OE, then use an alternative SSH version so that you can implement all of the recommended security modifications.

NOTE

If you choose to use an SSH product other than OpenSSH or the bundled Solaris Secure Shell, install and configure it before or during a Solaris Security Toolkit run.

  1. Obtain the following online article and use the instructions in that article for downloading the software.

    2. A Sun BluePrints OnLine article about how to compile and deploy OpenSSH titled "Building and Deploying OpenSSH on the Solaris Operating Environment" is available at:

    http://www.sun.com/security/blueprints

    Later, using the Solaris Security Toolkit software, you'll install the OpenSSH software after downloading all the other security packages.

    CAUTION

    If possible, do not compile OpenSSH on the cluster nodes and do not install the compilers on the cluster nodes. Use a separate Solaris OE system—running the same Solaris OE version, architecture, and mode (for example, Solaris 8 OE, Sun4u, and 64-bit)—to compile OpenSSH. If you implement a commercial version of SSH, then no compilation is required. The goal is to limit the availability

To Download MD5 Software

The MD5 software validates MD5 digital fingerprints on the cluster. Validating the integrity of Solaris OE binaries provides a robust mechanism to detect system binaries that are altered or trojaned (hidden inside something that appears safe) by unauthorized users. By modifying system binaries, attackers provide themselves with backdoor access onto a system; they hide their presence and cause systems to operate in unstable manners.

To install the MD5 program (Intel and SPARC architectures), follow these steps:

  1. Download the MD5 binaries from:

    2. http://www.sun.com/blueprints/tools/md5_license.html

    The MD5 programs are distributed as a compressed tar file.

  2. Save the downloaded file, md5.tar.Z, to the Solaris Security Toolkit Packages directory in:

    3. /opt/SUNWjass/Packages

    CAUTION

    Do not uncompress the tar archive.

    After the MD5 software has been saved to the /opt/SUNWjass/Packages directory, it is installed during the execution of the Solaris Security Toolkit software.

    After the MD5 binaries are installed, you can use them to verify the integrity of executables on the system through the Solaris Fingerprint Database. More information on the Solaris Fingerprint Database is available in the Sun BluePrints OnLine article titled "The Solaris_ Fingerprint Database - A Security Tool for Solaris Software and Files:"

    http://www.sun.com/blueprints/0501/Fingerprint.pdf

  3. (Optional) Download and install Solaris Fingerprint Database Companion and Solaris Fingerprint Database Sidekick software from the SunSolve Online web site at:

    4. http://sunsolve.sun.com

    We strongly recommend that you install these optional tools and use them with the MD5 software. These tools simplify the process of validating system binaries against the database of MD5 checksums. Use these tools frequently to validate the integrity of the Solaris OE binaries and files on the cluster nodes.

    These tools are described in the "The Solaris_ Fingerprint Database - A Security Tool for Solaris Software and Files" Sun BluePrints Online article.

Installing Downloaded Software and Implementing Modifications

Now that all software is downloaded and added to the correct directories, each of the Solaris OE images running on each of the Sun Cluster 3.x nodes can be secured.

The Solaris Security Toolkit version 0.3.10 provides a driver (suncluster3x-secure.driver) for automating the installation of security software and Solaris OE modifications. The driver for the cluster nodes performs the following tasks:

  • Installs and executes the FixModes software to tighten file system permissions

  • Installs the MD5 software

  • Installs the Recommended and Security Patch software

  • Implements over 100 Solaris OE security modifications

NOTE

During the installation and modifications implemented in this section, all non-encrypted access mechanisms to the nodes—such as Telnet, RSH, and FTP—are disabled. The hardening steps do not disable console serial access over serial ports.

CAUTION

Harden only one cluster node at a time. Before hardening the next node, verify that the hardened configuration functions properly in your environment.

To Install Downloaded Software and Implement Modifications

  1. Disable the failover mode before hardening a node.

  2. On one node only, execute the suncluster3x-secure.driver script as follows:

    3. # cd /opt/SUNWjass
# ./jass-execute -d suncluster3x-secure.driver
./jass-execute: NOTICE: Executing driver, 
suncluster3x-secure.driver

============================================================
suncluster3x-secure.driver: Driver started.
============================================================
[...]

    By executing the suncluster3x-secure.driver script, all of the security modifications included in the script are made on the system. The current release of this driver includes over 100 security modifications to the Solaris OE image running on each node of the cluster.

    NOTE

    The suncluster3x-secure.driver automatically executes the FixModes program, which must be already downloaded and filed in the correct directory as described previously, to tighten file system permissions on the system.

    When the Solaris Security Toolkit program executes the FixModes program, the following warning messages are displayed:

    Installing 'fix-modes' into ///opt/FixModes

Executing 'fix-modes' from ///opt/FixModes.
secure-modes: WARNING: Can't find required uid/gid smmsp
secure-modes: WARNING: Can't find required uid/gid smmsp

    These are known warning messages from FixModes that can be safely ignored.

    To view the contents of the driver file and obtain information about the Solaris OE modifications, refer to the Solaris Security Toolkit documentation available either in the /opt/SUNWjass/Documentation directory or through the web at:

    http://www.sun.com/security/jass

    For information about other scripts in the Solaris Security Toolkit software, refer to the Solaris Security Toolkit documentation available from this URL.

  3. Verify that the node is hardened.

    4. Refer to "Verifying Node Hardening" on page 20 for detailed instructions.

  4. Re-enable failover only after each node is hardened, rebooted, and tested.

    5. This task keeps the cluster software from failing over to a hardened node before it is fully hardened and before the hardened configuration is validated.

  5. After you complete the hardening process for a node, use the procedure in "Verifying Node Hardening" on page 20 to verify that the configuration.

Verifying Node Hardening

After performing the procedures in this article to harden a cluster node, test the configuration and hardening.

The number of daemons and services running on each of the nodes is significantly less after the hardening steps are completed. For the example configuration, our testing resulted in the following:

  • On the node where these recommendations were tested, the number of Solaris TCP services listed by netstat decreased from 31 to 7.

  • The number of UDP IPv4 services listed by netstat went from 57 to 6.

By reducing the number of services available, the exposure points of this system are significantly reduced and the security of the entire cluster is dramatically improved.

NOTE

We recommend that you disable the failover before hardening any of the nodes. Re-enable failover only after each node has been hardened, rebooted, and tested. This practice avoids having the cluster software fail over to a hardened node before it has been fully hardened and before the hardened configuration has been validated.

To Verify Node Hardening

  1. After you complete the hardening process for a node, reboot the node and verify its configuration by having it assume the appropriate Sun Cluster 3.x software role.

    2. This step must be done before you harden any other nodes in the cluster.

    CAUTION

    Do not harden other Sun Cluster nodes before verifying that the hardened configuration of each node functions properly in your environment.

  2. When the hardened node takes control of the cluster, verify the node's functionality.

  3. After verifying that the node is functioning properly, perform the entire software installation and hardening process on the next node.

    4. Refer to "Securing Sun Cluster 3.x Nodes" on page 12 for the procedure.

    CAUTION

    Do not harden all nodes simultaneously.

Reviewing the Results

After you harden a node, you can review the results of the Solaris Security Toolkit run, to determine if fewer services are enabled.

To Review the Results of a Run

  1. Review the run directory in /var/opt/SUNWjass/run.

    2. Each Solaris Security Toolkit software run creates a run directory in /var/opt/SUNWjass/run. The names of these directories are based on the date and time the run is initiated. In addition to displaying the output to the console, the Solaris Security Toolkit software creates a log file in the /var/opt/SUNWjass/run directory.

    NOTE

    Do not modify the contents of the /var/opt/SUNWjass/run directories under any circumstances. Modifying the files can corrupt the contents and cause unexpected errors when you use Solaris Security Toolkit software features such as undo.

    The files stored in the /var/opt/SUNWjass/run directory track modifications performed on the system and enable the jass-execute undo feature. You can undo a run, or series of runs, with the jass-execute -u command. For example, on a system where two separate Solaris Security Toolkit runs are performed, you could undo them by using the following command:

    # pwd
/opt/SUNWjass
# ./jass-execute -u
Please select from one of these backups to restore to
1. September 25, 2001 at 06:28:12 (/var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20010925062812)
2. April 10, 2001 at 19:04:36 (/var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20010410190436)
3. Restore from all of them
Choice? 3
./jass-execute: NOTICE: Restoring to previous run 
//var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20010410190436

============================================================
undo.driver: Driver started.
============================================================
[...]

    Refer to the Solaris Security Toolkit documentation for details on the capabilities and options available in the jass-execute command.

    Based on our qualified configuration, we find the following noncluster services remain running on a hardened node:

    # ps -ef | grep -v cluster
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 0   0  0 Oct 25 ? 0:01 sched
root 1   0  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /etc/init -
root 2   0  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 pageout
root 3   0  0 Oct 25 ? 4:41 fsflush
root 466  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300
root 65  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:01 /usr/lib/sysevent/syseventd
root 67  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sysevent/syseventconfd
root 77  1  0 Oct 25 ? 8:22 devfsadmd
root 265 1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind /                  -broadcast
root 252    0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/rpcbind
root 167  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/in.rdisc -s
root 469  466 0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon
root 255  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/keyserv -d
root 394  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/utmpd
root 274  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/inetd -s -t
root 318  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/inet/xntpd
root 285  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/syslogd -t
root 327  274 0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 rpc.metad
root 396  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/nscd
root 373  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
root 391  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/vold
root 470  1  0 Oct 25 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sendmail -q15m
root 1060 1  0 13:54:45 ? 0:00 /opt/OBSDssh/sbin/prngd                  --cmdfile /etc/prngd.conf                  -seedfile /var/spool/prngd/p
root 1086 1   1 13:55:00 ? 0:00 /opt/OBSDssh/sbin/sshd

    The preceding listing of services may not exactly match your environment. We made several configuration modifications on this node after the operating system was installed. These modifications include the configuration of xntp and NIS, and the installation of OpenSSH.

    The following output is generated for our sample configuration by Nmap, a popular freeware security scanning tool:

    # nmap -p 1-65535 10.6.25.150

Starting nmap V. 2.53 by fyodor@insecure.org (http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ )
Port    State    Service
22/tcp   open    ssh           
111/tcp  open    sunrpc         
8059/tcp  open    unknown         
8060/tcp  open    unknown         
32785/tcp open    unknown         
32786/tcp open    sometimes-rpc25     
32787/tcp open    sometimes-rpc27     
32788/tcp open    unknown         
32789/tcp open    unknown         
32790/tcp open    unknown         
32791/tcp open    unknown         
32804/tcp open    unknown         
32806/tcp open    unknown         
32811/tcp open    unknown         
32821/tcp open    unknown         

Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 211 seconds

    Ports 8059 and 8060 are Sun Cluster 3.x software-specific ports that accept connections only from other cluster nodes. When a connection request from a noncluster node is received, the following message is logged to syslog:

    Oct 30 14:00:52 phys-sps-1 cl_runtime: WARNING: Received a connect
request from a node not configured in the cluster. Nodeid 0 ipaddr
0x8194b556

    NOTE

    Monitor log files for these types of messages so that appropriate action can be taken when unauthorized access attempts are made against a cluster.

    Cluster nodes are added based on the authentication method defined in the Sun Cluster 3.x software configuration. We recommend that you use the strongest possible method of authentication. The available options are described in "Node Authentication Options" on page 10.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020