- Introduction
- Data Link Protocols
- Physical Ethernet Standards
- Data Link Layer Devices
- Duplex
- Microsegmentation
- Chapter Summary
- Apply Your Knowledge
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Physical Ethernet Standards
Objective: Describe the components of network devices
Have I said that ethernet is the most popular LAN protocol? Ethernet started in the 1970s when Xerox needed a networking system to connect personal computers. Xerox joined forces with Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) and Intel to develop the protocol, which is why the very first ethernet standards were referred to as DIX Ethernet. This section covers the progression of ethernet standards from the earlier 10Mbps connections to the more recent 10 gigabit ethernet connections.
Each standard has a maximum connection length and speed. Individual ethernet standards also specify which cables and connectors can be used for network connectivity. You will be introduced to each group of standards starting with the 10Mbps ethernet connections, then the 100Mbps Fast Ethernet connections, 1Gbps ethernet, and 10Gbps ethernet connections.
Ethernet
The IEEE 802.3 ethernet standards are covered in the following sections. The following list contains all the ethernet standards that are covered in this chapter, in order.
- 10BASE-2
- 10BASE-5
- 10BASE-T
- 10BASE-FL
- 100BaseT4
- 100BaseTX
- 100BaseFX
- 1000BaseT
- 1000BaseTX
- 1000BaseCX
- 1000BaseSX
- 1000BaseLX
- 10GbE
10BASE-2
10BASE-2 networks are connected with RG-58 coaxial cables that use Bayonet Neill Concelman (BNC) connectors. There are no other hardware devices such as hubs or switches to connect devices, just the coaxial cables. This creates a physical bus topology. An electrical signal is sent by each device that wants to transmit data on that network. If more than one device sends a signal at the same time, this causes a collision and the signal is lost. To prevent loss of data transmissions, an algorithm called Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) was defined. This algorithm sends a jam signal to notify the devices that there has been a collision. The devices then halt transmission for a random back-off time. CSMA/CD must be activated for 10Base ethernet LANs that are connected with a hub.
The name 10BASE-2 breaks down as follows:
- 10—10Mbps data transmission speed
- Base—Represents baseband, the signaling mode where the media can only send one signal per wire at a time
- 2—Actually refers to 185m or the maximum segment length (where 185 is rounded up to 200 and 2 is a multiple of 100m)
10BASE-5
10BASE-5 has the same characteristics as 10BASE-2, but with a maximum segment length of 500m. The 5 is also a multiple of 100m.
10BASE-T
10BASE-T has a maximum segment length of 100m and has a 10Mbps data transmission speed. 10BASE-T can use Category 3, 4, or 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables for connectivity. If you recall, UTP is the more common and cost-effective solution. STP has an additional shield that provides additional reduction of interference and attenuation, but it is also the more expensive solution. The following cables can be used with a 10BASE-T connection:
- Category 3—Data cable that can handle speeds up to 10Mbps.
- Category 4—Data cable that can handle speeds up to 16Mbps and is meant to be used with token ring LANs.
- Category 5—Data cable that can handle speeds up to 100Mbps and is currently the most popular cable selection.
Although it is faster than the Cat2 cable, this was quite popular until network speeds surpassed the 10Mbps threshold.
10BASE-FL
10BASE-FL also has a 10Mbps data transmission speed, but it runs over fiber-optic cables. This option allows for a maximum segment length up to 2km.
Table 3.4 compares the 802.3 ethernet characteristics, listing the key characteristics of each specification.
Table 3.4 Summary of Ethernet 802.3 Characteristics
|
Standard |
Speed |
Maximum Distance |
Media Type |
Connector Used |
|
10BASE-2 |
10Mbps |
185m |
RG-58 coaxial |
BNC |
|
10BASE-5 |
10Mbps |
500m |
RG-58 coaxial |
BNC |
|
10BASE-T |
10Mbps |
100m |
Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP or STP |
RJ-45 |
|
10BASE-FL |
10Mbps |
Up to 2km |
Fiber-optic |
SC or ST |
As you can see, the early standards are all limited to 10Mbps. More recent ethernet specifications allow for faster data transmission speeds and are more popular for today’s networks.
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet was derived for networks that needed speeds in excess of 10Mbps. The IEEE 802.3u defines standards for 100BaseT4, 100BaseTX, and 100BaseFX. You may also hear them collectively referred to as 100BaseX. Based on what you learned from the 10Base naming scheme, you would be correct to infer that the 100 represents 100Mbps. Also, all three standards are baseband like the 10Mbps family of protocols.
100BaseT4
100BaseT4 has the same characteristics as 100BaseTX except that it can use Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP or STP cables.
100BaseTX
100BaseTX, like 10BASE-T, uses either UTP or STP. Category 5 UTP cable is used with this implementation. 10BASE-T has a maximum segment length of 100m.
100BaseFX
100BaseFX uses either single-mode or multimode fiber-optic cables to connect. Multimode (MM) fiber set for half-duplex can reach a distance of 412m. Single-mode (SM) fiber set for full-duplex can reach a distance of 10,000m. SC or ST connectors can be used. The drawback, as mentioned before with fiber implementations, is the high overhead.
- Multimode (MM) fiber—This is generally used for shorter distances and is ideal for a campus-sized network. MM also has a larger diameter of optical fiber than SM fiber.
- Single-mode (SM) fiber—This mode is used to span longer distances. SM also allows for a higher data rate than MM and faster data transmission speeds.
REVIEW BREAK
Table 3.5 compares Fast Ethernet 802.3u standards.
Table 3.5 Comparison of Fast Ethernet 802.3u Characteristics
|
Standard |
Speed |
Maximum Distance |
Media Type |
Connector Used |
|
100BaseT4 |
100Mbps |
100m |
Category 3, 4, or 5 UTP or STP |
RJ-45 |
|
100BaseTX |
100Mbps |
100m |
Category 5 UTP or STP |
RJ-45 |
|
100BaseFX |
100Mbps |
412m with half-duplex MM fiber |
Fiber-optic |
SC or ST |
|
|
|
10,000m with full-duplex SM fiber |
|
|
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet standards all have a data transmission speed of 1000Mbps (1Gbps) and use a baseband signaling mode. Gigabit Ethernet can be broken down into two IEEE standards, 802.3ab or 1000BaseT and 802.3z or 1000BaseX.
1000BaseT 802.3ab
1000BaseT or 1000BaseTX is defined by the 802.3ab standard and can reach a maximum total distance per segment of 75m. This standard uses a minimum of Category 5 UTP cable with an RJ-45 connector.
- Category 5e—Data cable that can handle speeds up to 1Gbps; a popular choice for Gigabit Ethernet networks.
- Category 6—Cable that was created to exceed speeds of 1Gbps.
Table 3.6 summarizes the primary points of interest that are relevant for the 1000BaseT standard.
Table 3.6 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ab Characteristics
|
Standard |
Speed |
Maximum Distance |
Media Type |
Connector Used |
|
1000BaseT or 1000BaseTX |
1000Mbps or 1Gbps |
75m |
Category 5 UTP or higher |
RJ-45 |
1000BaseX 802.3z
1000BaseX is the collective name for 802.3z standards 1000BaseCX, 1000BaseSX, and 1000BaseLX that have the following characteristics respectively:
- 1000BaseCX—1000BaseCX is the unique standard in this family because it uses shielded copper wire cable with a 9-pin shielded connector instead of fiber-optic cable for connectivity. The maximum total distance per segment is a mere 25m.
- 1000BaseSX—1000BaseSX transmits short-wavelength laser over fiber-optic cable. Either 50-micron or 62.5-micron (diameter) MM fiber can be used with this option. Lengths may vary depending on the type of MM fiber and duplex chosen for each connection as follows:
- Half-duplex 62.5-micron MM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 275m.
- Half-duplex 50-micron MM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 316m.
- Full-duplex 62.5-micron MM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 275m.
- Full-duplex 50-micron MM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 550m.
- 1000BaseLX—1000BaseLX transmits long-wavelength laser over fiber-optic cable. Either 50-micron or 62.5-micron (diameter) MM fiber can be used with this option. SM fiber can also be used with 1000BaseLX, which differentiates this standard from 1000BaseSX. The same MM fiber length restrictions apply based on the implementation of half- or full-duplex. The following lengths apply when SM fiber is used:
- Half-duplex SM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 316m.
- Full-duplex SM fiber connections can reach a maximum segment length of 5000m.
As you can see, the 50-micron MM fiber can offer longer segment distances. The 62.5-micron MM fiber reaches the same maximum segment length of 275m regardless of the duplex.
Using full-duplex SM fiber allows for a huge increase in distance. As you can imagine, this is also the more expensive option.
Table 3.7 compares Fast Ethernet 802.3z standards.
Table 3.7 Comparison of Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z Characteristics
|
Standard |
Speed |
Maximum Distance |
Media Type |
Connector Used |
|
1000BaseCX |
1000Mbps or 1Gbps |
25m |
Shielded copper wire |
9-pin shielded connector |
|
1000BaseSX |
1000Mbps or 1Gbps |
275m with half or full-duplex 62.5-micron MM fiber |
MM fiber-optic |
SC or ST |
|
|
|
316m with half-duplex 50-micron MM fiber |
|
|
|
|
|
550m with full-duplex 50-micron MM fiber |
|
|
|
1000BaseLX |
1000Mbps or 1Gbps |
275m with half- or full-duplex 62.5-micron MM fiber |
MM or SM fiber-optic |
SC or ST |
|
|
|
316m with half-duplex 50-micron MM fiber or SM fiber |
|
|
|
|
|
550m with full-duplex 50-micron MM fiber |
|
|
|
|
|
5000m with full-duplex SM fiber |
|
|
10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE)
You guessed it: 1Gbps just wasn’t a fast enough option. Actually, it is just the nature of technology to constantly strive for faster speeds. Yet another new standard was defined by IEEE and labeled 802.3ae. Earlier in this chapter you saw 10BASE-2, which has data transmission speeds of 10Mbps. 10-Gigabit Ethernet transmits data at 10,000Mbps. That is quite an upgrade! IEEE 802.3ae uses 62.5-micron MM, 50-micron MM, or SM fiber-optic cabling for connectivity and a baseband signaling mode.
Long Reach Ethernet
Cisco Long Reach Ethernet (LRE) was developed to provide broadband service over existing telephone-grade or Category 1, 2, or 3 wiring. Speeds vary between 5–15Mbps and can reach a maximum segment length of up to 5000m. Cisco LRE may be a viable networking solution for a LAN or MAN that already has Category 1/2/3 cabling installed. A hotel could benefit from Cisco LRE to provide high-speed Internet or video conferencing solutions to their clientele.