- Background
- Linear State Space Models
- Introduction to Laplace Transforms
- Transfer Functions
- First-Order Behavior
- Integrating System
- Second-Order Behavior
- Lead-Lag Behavior
- Poles and Zeros
- Processes with Dead Time
- Padé Approximation for Dead Time
- Converting State Space Models to Transfer Functions
- Matlab and Simulink
- Summary
- References
- Student Exercises
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
3.8 Lead-Lag Behavior
Lead-lag transfer functions have the same order numerator polynomial as denominator polynomial. This occurs when the input has a direct effect on the output variable. In terms of the state space model (3.2), this means that D ≠ 0.
Consider a lead-lag transfer function where the numerator and denominator polynomials are first order:
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For a step input of magnitude Du, the output response is
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A dimensionless output can be defined by dividing Equation (3.48) by kpDu, and t/tp is a natural dimensionless time. The responses to a step input at t = 0 are shown in Figure 3-12. Notice that there is an immediate response that is equal to the tn/tp ratio. This can also be found by applying the initial value theorem to Equation (3.47"/>) for a step input change (see Exercise 3).
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Figure 3-12. Step responses of the lead-lag example.
It is rare for processes to exhibit lead-lag behavior, but many controllers exhibit such behavior.