XML Reference Guide

Mar 14, 2003

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One of the problems with HTML is that, as it grew, it became increasingly unwieldy. One reason is that early browsers (and indeed, early versions of HTML) allowed developers to take certain liberties with the language: many closing tags were optional, attribute values didn't necessarily have to be surrounded by quotes, and so on. Even the rules that did exist were frequently broken by web authors, and overly tolerant browsers allowed them to get away with it.

XHTML is a reformulation of HTML using the rules of XML. In XHTML 1.0, the tags are the same; only the rules have changed. For example, the document

<html>
  <head><title>My Page</title></head>
  <body>
   These are the figures for the month.
   <p>
   <b><i>Please</b> check with your department head
   for next month's goals.</i>
   <table align=center width=300>
     <tr><th><th>Chocolate<th>Mint<th>Taffy</tr>
     <tr><TD>Sold<td>4322<td>929299<td>11929</tr>
     <tr><td>Returned<td>992<td>22<td>987</tr>
   </table>
  </BODY>
</html>

looks just fine in Internet Explorer, despite the fact that it has improperly nested content (Please) and a handful of closing tags are missing (</p>, </td>, and </th>, all of which are optional in HTML 4.01).

XHTML applies the XML rules to HTML pages, standardizing their structure and also defining three different levels of conformance:

Strict removes many of the presentational features of HTML, and so doesn't include all elements and attributes of HTML 4.01.
Transitional includes all of HTML 4.01 except for tags and attributes related to frames.
Frameset includes everything.

The purpose behind XHTML is to move web content toward a more structural approach, with appearance and presentation handled by Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).

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Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

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Last Update: November 17, 2020

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