XML Reference Guide

Mar 14, 2003

␡

⎙ Print

< Back Page 204 of 278 Next >

These days, cell phone makers are building phones that can display XHTML, graphics, even animations. But it wasn't always this way, and a large percentage of the phones already in circulation still use XHTML Mobile Profile's predecessor (well, one of them, anyway), Wireless Markup Language, or WML. So that's where we'll start the discussion of cell phones and using them with XML.

WML is based on a "card" metaphor -- yes, like Hypercard, for those of you actually old enough to remember it -- which enables the phone to download a "deck" and display multiple pages without having to make multiple calls to the server. For example, I can create a simple deck such as:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

   <card id="c1" title="First">

      <p>
         This is the first card.  Select 
<a href="#c2">this link</a> 
for the second card.
      </p>
   </card>

   <card id="c2" title="Second">

      <p>
         This is the second card.
      </p>
   </card>

</wml>

If I load this deck into a phone (or a simulator, as I'm doing here), the first card shows, as you can see here in figure 1:

If I highlight the link (in the simulator, by pressing the down button) and then select it (by pressing the left-most button under the LCD screen) the phone takes me to the location specifed as #c2. In an HTML page, that would be an internal link on the page, or in XHMTL, it would refer to an element with an id of c2. In WML, it's both; we are taken to the card identified as c2, as you can see here in figure 2:

Now, that takes care of the general structure of a WML file, but you might be wondering just what you can actually do with one of these things. It turns out that the answer is "quite a bit, actually." WML supports basic formatting, such as  (emphasis, typically rendered as italic),  (typically rendered as bold)  (bold),  (italic),  (underline), <big>, and , as well as  (as you've already seen) and  , but it also does more than that; it enables you to get input from the user, and to use variables.

For example, I can build the classic "Hello World!" page:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

   <card id="c1" title="First">
      <do type="accept" label="Answer">
         <go href="file://e:/phone/testcard.wml#c2"/>
      </do>

      <p>
         Enter your first name:<br />
         <input name="yourname" />
      </p>
   </card>

   <card id="c2" title="Second">
      <p>
         Hello, $(yourname)!
      </p>
   </card>

</wml>

This starts us out with a page like Figure 3:

In this case, I've got an input element -- note that a form element isn't necessary -- and I've added a do action.

When the user "accepts" the entry -- on the simulator, that means clicking "Done", then "Options", and selecting the Answer entry -- the variable yourname gets set. The phone then goes on to c2, and displays the information, as you can see in Figure 4.

You can also provide a list of options, such as:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

   <card id="c1" title="First">
      <do type="accept" label="Answer">
         <go href="file://e:/phone/testcard.wml#c2"/>
      </do>

      <p>

         I'm interested in authoring in:
         <select name="languagetype"> 
            <option value="WML">WML</option>
            <option value="XHTML-MP">XHTML-MP</option>
            <option value="XHTML-Basic">XHTML-Basic</option>

         </select>
      </p>
   </card>

   <card id="c2" title="Second">
      <p>
         Don't worry, we have lots of tutorials on $(languagetype)!
      </p>

   </card>

</wml>

When you load this deck, the actual display will vary depending on the phone. Some phones will display radio buttons. The simulator renders this as a numbered list, as you can see in figure 5:

When you choose an entry by pressing a number, the phone carries out the appropriate action:

Of course just moving around in the deck is of limited use. Sooner or later, you're going to want to actually interact with a server. To do that, you'll need to send information. For example, we can build the above form to send the choice to a server, which can then send back the appropriate content. To do that, we'll need to use a postfield:

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml>

   <card id="c1" title="First">
      <do type="accept" label="Answer">
         <go href="http://www.nicholaschase.com/informit/tutorials.wml" method="post">
            <postfield name="tutorialset" value="$(languagetype)"/>

         </go>
      </do>

      <p>
         I'm interested in authoring in:
         <select name="languagetype"> 
            <option value="WML">WML</option>

            <option value="XHTML-MP">XHTML-MP</option>
            <option value="XHTML-Basic">XHTML-Basic</option>
         </select>
      </p>
   </card>

</wml>

In this case, we don't need a second card, because the phone will go to the url http://www.nicholaschase.com/informit/tutorials.wml when the user makes a choice, substituting the appropriate languagetype value as the value to submit. (You can also use postfield with a get request.)

Meant for devices with only a small amount of computing power, WML is pretty simple. There's a little more to it, including the ability to do simple scripting and form validation, but for the most part, this is it.

< Back Page 204 of 278 Next >

🔖 Save To Your Account

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Privacy Notice

Overview

Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information

To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information

Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security

Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children

This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing

Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information

If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out

Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information

Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents

California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure

Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

As required by law.
With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links

This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact

Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice

We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020

Email Address