This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Standards Organizations
Telecommunications is a major industry sector for two main reasons: First, it generates vast amounts of revenue every year, and second, it touches every aspect of life and business. Networking is an international phenomenon, and recommendations have to be made on how systems and networks should interoperate. Standardization within the industry is intended to perform three basic functions:
Facilitate interconnection between different users.
Facilitate the portability of equipment within different regions and applications, with the intent of increasing market size, resulting in reduced costs for all.
Ensure equipment interoperability, so that different vendors' products work with each other.
Standards bodies that make such recommendations have traditionally been active in Europe, North America, and Japan. In recent years, the Internet Society (ISOC) has also become an increasingly important organization.
Standards Organization Time Line
The following time line shows some of the important dates in the history of standards organizations:
|
1865 |
The ITU was established by 20 European states at the first International Telegraph Convention. |
|
|
1923 |
The CCIF was established in Paris, for the study of long-distance telephony. |
|
|
1925 |
The CCITT (now the ITU-T) was established for the technical study of telephony problems. The CCIF and CCITT both became part of the ITU. |
|
|
1927 |
The CCIR was formed in Washington, with the objective of concentrating on technical issues surrounding radio communications. |
|
|
1947 |
The ITU was recognized as an agency of the United Nations, specializing in telecommunications. |
|
|
1959 |
The CCIF and the CCITT were combined and became known simply as the CCITT, now called the ITU-T. |
The ITU is a body of the United Nations that includes members from around the world. Three specific groups within the ITU are relevant to telecommunications. The ITU-T, the telecommunications standardization sector, develops recommendations for wireline networks. ITU-R, the radio communications standardization sector, deals with the wireless arena. The ITU-D sector works on standards for developing nations. The ITU standards are followed throughout most of the world, including Africa, most of Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.
The second major standards body is the America National Standards Institute (ANSI), whose recommendations are followed throughout North America, as well as in some Asian countries.
The third major body is the Telecommunications Technology Committee, which is followed in Japan.
ISOC has an agreement to work with the ITU to ensure that developments do not take place separately in evolving the PSTN versus the Internet. These organizations are working toward converging networks on the same sets of requirements and functions.
In order to make room for the many—often conflicting—interests, the international standards-making organizations concentrate on producing what are known as base standards. These base standards contain allowable variants or options, which are defined by the implementer. By adopting any of the variants, or options, the implementer is compliant with the standard, but there is no guarantee that the equipment will interoperate with the equipment of other vendors. This problem of interoperability and internetworking is addressed by regional and national standards bodies, often involving trade organizations and users groups. These groups adapt the international base standards as functional standards, which contain a limited amount of agreed-upon allowable options. These groups also develop test specifications and methods, and independent test houses then perform the necessary conformance testing and certify products that meet the requirements. (See Figures 2.20 and 2.21.)
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Figure 2.20 Standards-making groups
Figure 2.21 The standards-making process
Table 2.2 lists some of the key standards organizations throughout the world.
Table 2.2 Standards Organizations
|
Region |
Standards Organizations |
|
International |
ITU, ITU-T, ITU-R, ITU-D, IEC, ISO |
|
Australia |
ACA, ACC, AIIA, ATUG |
|
Europe |
AFNOR (France), CEN and CENLEC, CEPT, DIN (Germany), DTI (UK), ETSI, European Community (EU) |
|
Japanese |
JISC, TTC |
|
New Zealand |
ITANZ |
|
North America |
ANSI (USA), EIA, FCC (USA), IEEE, NIST, SCC (Canadian) |
For more learning resources, quizzes, and discussion forums on concepts related to this chapter, see http://www.telecomessentials.com/learningcenter.