- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Scope of Treatment
- 1.3 Analysis and Design
- 1.4 Conditions of Equilibrium
- 1.5 Definition and Components of Stress
- 1.6 Internal Force-Resultant and Stress Relations
- 1.7 Stresses on Inclined Sections
- 1.8 Variation of Stress Within a Body
- 1.9 Plane-Stress Transformation
- 1.10 Principal Stresses and Maximum in-plane Shear Stress
- 1.11 Mohr's Circle for Two-Dimensional Stress
- 1.12 Three-Dimensional Stress Transformation
- 1.13 Principal Stresses in Three Dimensions
- 1.14 Normal and Shear Stresses on an Oblique Plane
- 1.15 Mohr's Circles in Three Dimensions
- 1.16 Boundary Conditions in Terms of Surface Forces
- 1.17 Indicial Notation
- References
- Problems
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
1.12 Three-Dimensional Stress Transformation
The physical elements studied are always three dimensional, and hence it is desirable to consider three planes and their associated stresses, as illustrated in Fig. 1.2. We note that equations governing the transformation of stress in the three-dimensional case may be obtained by the use of a similar approach to that used for the two-dimensional state of stress.
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Consider a small tetrahedron isolated from a continuous medium (Fig. 1.19a), subject to a general state of stress. The body forces are taken to be negligible. In the figure, px , py , and pz are the Cartesian components of stress resultant p acting on oblique plane ABC. It is required to relate the stresses on the perpendicular planes intersecting at the origin to the normal and shear stresses on ABC.
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Figure 1.19 Stress components on a tetrahedron.
The orientation of plane ABC may be defined in terms of the angles between a unit normal n to the plane and the x, y, and z directions (Fig. 1.19b). The direction cosines associated with these angles are
Equation 1.24
The three direction cosines for the n direction are related by
Equation 1.25
The area of the perpendicular plane QAB, QAC, QBC may now be expressed in terms of A, the area of ABC, and the direction cosines:
AQAB = Ax = A · i = A(li + mj + nk ) · i = Al
The other two areas are similarly obtained. In so doing, we have altogether
Equation a
Here i , j , and k are unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.
Next, from the equilibrium of x, y, z-directed forces together with Eq. (a), we obtain, after canceling A,
Equation 1.26
The stress resultant on A is thus determined on the basis of known stresses s x , s y , s z , t xy , t xz and t yz and a knowledge of the orientation of A. In the limit as the sides of the tetrahedron approach zero, plane A contains point Q. It is thus demonstrated that the stress resultant at a point is specified. This in turn gives the stress components acting on any three mutually perpendicular planes passing through Q as shown next. Although perpendicular planes have been used there for convenience, these planes need not be perpendicular to define the stress at a point.
Consider now a Cartesian coordinate system x', y', z', wherein x' coincides with n and y', z' lie on an oblique plane. The x' y' z' and xyz systems are related by the direction cosines: l 1 = cos (x', x), m 1 = cos(x', y), and so on. The notation corresponding to a complete set of direction cosines is shown in Table 1.2. The normal stress s x' is found by projecting px , py , and pz in the x' direction and adding
Equation 1.27
Table 1.2. Notation for Direction Cosines
|
x |
y |
z |
|
|
x' |
l 1 |
m 1 |
n 1 |
|
y' |
l 2 |
m 2 |
n 2 |
|
z' |
l 3 |
m 3 |
n 3 |
Equations (1.26) and (1.27) are combined to yield
Equation 1.28a
Similarly, by projecting px , py , and pz in the y' and z' directions, we obtain, respectively,
Equation 1.28b
Equation 1.28c
Recalling that the stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes are required to specify the stress at a point (one of these planes being the oblique plane in question), the remaining components are found by considering those planes perpendicular to the oblique plane. For one such plane, n would now coincide with the y' direction, and expressions for the stresses s y' , t y'x' , and t y'z' would be derived. In a similar manner, the stresses s z' , t z'x' , and t z'y' are determined when n coincides with the z' direction. Owing to the symmetry of the stress tensor, only six of the nine stress components thus developed are unique. The remaining stress components are as follows:
Equation 1.28d
Equation 1.28e
Equation 1.28f
Equations (1.28) represent expressions transforming the quantities s x , s y , s z , t xy , t xz , and t yz which, as we have noted, completely define the state of stress. Quantities such as stress (and moment of inertia, Appendix C), which are subject to such transformations, are tensors of second rank (see Sec. 1.9).
The equations of transformation of the components of a stress tensor, in indicial notation, are represented by
Equation 1.29a
Alternatively,
Equation 1.29b
The repeated subscripts i and j imply the double summation in Eq. (1.29a), which, upon expansion, yields
Equation 1.29c
By assigning r, s = x, y, z and noting that t rs = t sr , the foregoing leads to the six expressions of Eq. (1.28).
It is interesting to note that, because x', y', and z' are orthogonal, the nine direction cosines must satisfy trigonometric relations of the following form:
Equation 1.30a
and
Equation 1.30b
From Table 1.2, observe that Eqs. (1.30a) are the sums of the squares of the cosines in each row, and Eqs. (1.30b) are the sums of the products of the adjacent cosines in any two rows.